TY - JOUR AU - Al-Zehebawi, Nuha A. AU - Al-Waily, Dhia S. AU - Al-Saad, Labeed A. PY - 2019/06/12 Y2 - 2024/03/29 TI - The Application of Manure (Poultry Wastes) and Bio-Formulations of Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride and Their Interaction to Control Root-knot Disease on Radish and Chard JF - Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences JA - Basrah J. Agric. Sci. VL - 32 IS - 1 SE - ORIGINAL ARTICLE(S) DO - 10.37077/25200860.2019.195 UR - https://bjas.bajas.edu.iq/index.php/bjas/article/view/63 SP - 88-98 AB - <p style="text-align: justify;">The study was designed to examine the effect of manure (poultry wastes) and bio-formulations of&nbsp;<em>Trichoderma harzianum</em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>T. viride</em>&nbsp;separately or with some, to control root-knot disease on radish (<em>Raphanus sativus</em>&nbsp;L.) and chard (<em>Beta vulagaris var.cicla</em>&nbsp;(L.)). The study included the isolation of pathogenic nematode of both plant roots, morphological and molecular identification, examination of the pathogenicity&nbsp;<em>in vitro</em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>in vivo</em>&nbsp;and green house experiments involved application of manure and fungal bio-formulations treatments. The morphological and molecular identification confirmed the identity of root-knot nematode, as&nbsp;<em>Meloidogyne javanica</em>, which was pathogenic to radish and chard. The recorded infection severity was 89 and 95% respectively. The green house experiment results revealed that MThTv treatment was significantly reduced infection severity to 0% for radish and chard in contaminated soil (CS) compared with control positive treatment (55.17 and 40%) respectively. MThTv treatment also showed a highest plant height for Radish in non-nematode-contaminated soil (NCS) and CS treatment (17.85 and 16.50 cm) respectively compared with control positive treatment (5.00 cm), while the highest plant height of Chard was 24.5 cm in MThTv-NCS. The wet weight index in Radish showed a superiority of MThTv and MTh in NC on other treatments (201.75 and 189.5 g.plant<sup>-1</sup>) respectively followed by MThTv-NCS treatment (184.5 g.plant<sup>-1</sup>) compared with 19.25 gm.plant<sup>-1</sup>&nbsp;in control treatment. In Chard the results showed similar pattern represented by superiority of MThTv-NC treatment (255.25 gm.plant<sup>-1</sup>) followed by MThTv-NCS (190.75 gm.plant<sup>-1</sup>) compared with 37.50 gm/plant for positive control.</p> ER -