Main Article Content

Abstract

The geochemical distribution of several trace metals (lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), chrome (Cr), cobalt (Co) and iron (Fe)) was investigated using five sequential extraction procedures to provide information on their distribution and environmental impacts on the Iraqi coastal sediments. Sediment samples were collected from 16 sites along the coast to determine the concentrations of the above metals. The concentration and ratios of these metals were estimated in the sediment extract (concentration on the exchange surfaces, carbonates, manganese oxides and iron oxides, organic matter and those associated with the remainder) using extraction methods (magnesium chloride, 1 molar of sodium acetate, 0.5 molar of hydroxylamine hydrochloride, 0.2 molar of ammonium oxalate, concentrated nitric acid and 25% of hydrofluoric acid) to extract and separate the above fractions in order. The results indicated that the total sediment content of Pb and Cd were higher than their rate of occurrence in the crust, while copper, zinc, nickel, chrome, cobalt and iron were within those limits. According to the I-geo the metals Cr, Cu and Zn are considered at unpolluted class while Ni and Pb were ranged from moderately to strongly level. On the other had Cd was found at extremely level as its I-geo exceeded the highest-class value. These metals are bonded to different power bonds. Pb, Cr and Co have dominant in exchangeable and carbonates fraction. Iraqi tidal flats is characterized by very high risk considering Cr, Pb, Co and Cu which represented by RAC values, so they can move to the solution to become available for living.

Keywords

Costal sediments Geochemical distribution Iraq Sequential extraction Trace metal

Article Details

How to Cite
Mizhir, A. A. ., Hassan, W. F. ., Al-Khuzie, D. K. K. ., & Abdulnabi, Z. A. . (2023). Use of sequential extraction methods to evaluate the environmental impact of trace metal in the Iraqi coastlines. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 36(2), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2023.36.2.02

References

  1. Abdulnabi, Z. A. (2016). Assessment of some toxic elements levels in Iraqi marine water. Mesopotamian Journal of Marine Science, 31(1), 85-94.
  2. Abdulnabi, Z. A., Altememi, M. K., Hassan, W. F., Kassaf Al-Khuzaie, D. K., & Saleh, S. M. (2019). Assessing of some toxic heavy metals levels and using geo accumulation index in sediment of Shatt Al-Arab and the Iraqi marine region. Baghdad Science Journal, 16(2), 323-331.
  3. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2019.16.2.0323
  4. Akcay, H., Oguz, A., & Karapire, C. (2003). Study of heavy metal pollution and speciation in Buyak Menderes and Gediz river sediments. Water Research, 37(4), 813-822.
  5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135402003925
  6. Alimohammad Kalhori, A., Jafari, H. R., Yavari, A. R., Prohić, E., & Ahmadzadeh Kokya, T. (2012). Evaluation of anthropogenic impacts on soil and regolith materials based on BCR sequential extraction analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research, 6(1), 185-194.
  7. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijer.2011.485
  8. Alkinani, M., Wiche, O., Kanoua, W., & Merkel, B. (2019). Sequential extraction analysis of U, Sr, V, Ni, Cr, B, and Mo in sediments from the Al-Batin Alluvial Fan, Southern Iraq. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(24), 684.
  9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8730-1
  10. Galán, E., Gómez-Ariza, J., González, I., Fernández-Caliani, J., Morales, E., & Giráldez, I. (2003). Heavy metal partitioning in river sedime nts severely polluted by acid mine drainage in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. Applied Geochemistry, 18(3), 409-421.
  11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00092-6
  12. Gargouri, D., Azri, C., Serbaji, M. M., Jedoui, Y., & Montacer, M. (2011). Heavy metal concentrations in the surface marine sediments of Sfax Coast, Tunisia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 175(1-4), 519-530.
  13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1548-7
  14. Hassan, I. F., Al-Khuzaie, D. K. K., Kzaal, R. S., Hassan, W. F., & Abdulnabi, Z. A. (2021). Spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metals in dust fallout in Basra city/Iraq. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 779(1), 012070. IOP Publishing.
  15. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/779/1/012070/meta
  16. Hassan, W. F., Hassan, I. F., & Jasim, A. H. (2011). The effect of industrial effluents polluting water near their discharging in Basra Governorate /Iraq. Journal of Basrah Researches (Sciences), 37(1B), 42-53.
  17. https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/54410
  18. Hassan, W. F., Albadran, B. N., & Faraj, M. A. (2008). The geochemical distribution of trace metals in Shatt Al-Arab River sediments. Marine Mesopotamica, 23(2), 419-436.
  19. Hassan, W. F., Hassan, I. F., Al-Khuzaie, D. K. K., Abdulnabi, Z. A., Khalaf, H. H., Kzaal, R. S., & Almansour, W. A. (2017). Monitoring of trace elements in dust fallout in shaibah, Basrah city, Iraq. Mesopotamia Environmental Journal, 4(1), 35-41.
  20. https://mej.uobabylon.edu.iq/index.php/mej/article/view/65
  21. Kabata-Pendias, A. (2010). Trace elements in soils and plants: CRC press. Taylor & Francis Group. 548pp.
  22. https://doi.org/10.1201/b10158
  23. Marín, J., Colina, M., Ledo, H., & Gardiner, P. H. (2022). Ecological risk by potentially toxic elements in surface sediments of the Lake Maracaibo (Venezuela). Environmental Engineering Research. 27(4), 1-13.
  24. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2021.232
  25. Müller, G. (1979). Schwermetalle in den sedimenten des Rheas-Veränderungen seit. Umschav, 79, 133-149: (cited by Audry, S., Schäfer, J., Blanc, G., & Jouanneau, J. M. (2004). Fifty-year sedimentary record of heavy metal pollution (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb) in the Lot River reservoirs (France). Environmental Pollution, 132(3), 413-426.
  26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.025
  27. Pagnanelli, F., Moscardini, E., Giuliano, V., & Toro, L. (2004). Sequential extraction of heavy metals in river sediments of an abandoned pyrite mining area: pollution detection and affinity series. Environmental Pollution, 132(2), 189-201.
  28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.002
  29. Perin, G., Craboledda, L., Lucchese, M., Cirillo, R., Dotta, L., Zanette, M. L., & Orio, A. A. (1985). Heavy metal speciation in the sediments of northern Adriatic Sea. A new approach for environmental toxicity determination. Heavy metals in the environment, 2(1), 454-456.
  30. Saleh, S. M., Abdulnabi, Z. A., Mizhir, A. A., Hantoush, A. A., Hassan, W. F., & Al-Khion, D. D. (2021). Evaluation of levels of some heavy metals in marine environment, southern Iraq. Mesopotamian Journal of Marine Sciences, 36(2), 96-105
  31. https://mjms.uobasrah.edu.iq/index.php/mms/article/view/250/164
  32. Sarkar, S. K., Favas, P. J., Rakshit, D., & Satpathy, K. (2014). Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and sediments Environmental risk assessment of soil contamination: In Hernandez-Soriano, M. C. (Ed.). Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination. Intechopen. 920pp.
  33. https://doi.org/10.5772/57295
  34. Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G., & Bisson, M. (1979). Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51(7), 844-851.
  35. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac50043a017
  36. Yuan, C. G., Shi, J. B., He, B., Liu, J. F., Liang, L. N., & Jiang, G. B. (2004). Speciation of heavy metals in marine sediments from the East China Sea by ICP - MS with sequential extraction. Environment International, 30(6), 769-783.
  37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.01.001