Article Sidebar

Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 223 Download : 155

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

This study was carried out in 6 different locations in the Anbar Province, between January and February 2021. The locations with higher pistachio cultivation, such as Kabisa, Al-Haditha, Al-Baghdadi, Anah, Al-Qaim, and Rawa were selected to study the prevalence of fungal diseases affecting pistachio crops. Twenty-six distinct fungal isolates were identified, and each isolate was examined for the pathogenicity. Although the level of pathogenicity of each isolate varied from high to moderate, they all caused lesions, damaged vascular tissue, signs of root rot and seed rot in pistachio seedlings. The fungal strains were identified depending on ITS marker. Twelve of the isolates belonged to Fusarium solani, 10 of F. falciforme isolates, 2 of F. oxysporum isolates, while 1 isolate of F. vanettenii and Xylaria sp. The most frequently-occurring species were F. falciforme and F. solani in the Anbar Province. Out of all the studied isolates, Al-Qaim and Al-Baghdadi were the highest pathogenic isolates. The pathogenic effects of F. vanettenii and Xylaria sp. on pistachio plants as well as the existence of F. solani and F. falciforme in Iraq were all recorded in this study for the first time.

Keywords

Disease severity Fusarium sp ITS Pistacia vera Xylaria sp

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

How to Cite
Tarad, K. W. ., Saleh, H. M. ., & Rashid, T. S. . (2023). A survey, Pathogenicity assay, and Molecular Identification of the Pathogenic Fungi Associated with Pistachio in Anbar Province, Iraq. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 36(2), 320–333. https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2023.36.2.24
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

References

  1. Alakaşli, R., & Aydin, M. H. (2022). Root Rot and Wilt Pathogen in Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.): Fusarium spp. Integrated Alternative Farming Models, 37-48.
  2. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sedat-Cam/publication/363859398
  3. Al-Saghir, M. G., & Porter, D. M. (2012). Taxonomic revision of the genus Pistacia L. (Anacardiaceae). American Journal of Plant Sciences, 3(1), 12.‏ https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2012.31002
  4. Chitzanidis, A. (1994). Pistachio diseases in Greece. In International Symposium on Pistachio 419: 345-348. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.419.57
  5. Christensen, M. J., Falloon, R. E., & Sklpp, R. A. (1988). A petri plate technique for testing pathogenicity of fungi to seedlings and inducing fungal sporulation. Australasian Plant Pathology, 17(2), 45-47.
  6. https://doi.org/10.1071/APP9880045
  7. Crespo, M., Lawrence, D. P., Nouri, M. T., Doll, D. A., & Trouillas, F. P. (2019). Characterization of Fusarium and Neocosmospora species associated with crown rot and stem canker of pistachio rootstocks in California. Plant Disease, 103(8), 1931-1939.
  8. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-18-2012-RE
  9. Debbarma MSc., R., Kamil, D., Bashyal, B. M., Choudhary, S. P., & Thokla, P. (2021). First report of root rot disease on Solanum lycopersicum L. caused by Fusarium vanettenii in India. Journal of Phytopathology, 169(11-12), 752-756.
  10. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.13047
  11. Eskalen, A., Küsek, M., Danıstı, L., & Karada, S. (2001). Fungal diseases in pistachio trees in East-Mediterranean and Southeast Anatolian regions. Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes, 56, 261-264.
  12. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=QC2001600187
  13. Garcia-Aroca, T., Price, P. P., Tomaso-Peterson, M., Allen, T. W., Wilkerson, T. H., Spurlock, T. N., and Doyle, V. P. (2021). Xylaria necrophora, sp. nov., is an emerging root-associated pathogen responsible for taproot decline of soybean in the southern United States. Mycologia, 113(2), 326-347.
  14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2020.1846965
  15. Guyer, R., Pate, S., Garcia-Aroca, T., Doyle, V. P., Price, T., & Kelly, H. (2020). First report of taproot decline caused by Xylaria sp. on soybean in Tennessee. Plant Disease, 104(12), 3267-3267.
  16. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-20-0947-PDN
  17. Hall, T. (2011). BioEdit: An important software for molecular biology. GERF Bulletin Bioscience, 2(1), 60-61.
  18. Hormaza, J. I., & Wünsch, A. (2007). Pistachio. Pp. 243-251. In Kole, C. (Ed.) Fruits and nuts. Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding in Plants, Vol. 4, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 370pp.
  19. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-34533-6_12
  20. Huang, Y., Yang, H., Liu, F., Tian, M., & Li, W. (2012). Molecular phylogenetic identification of plant-pathogenic fungi isolated from two medicinal Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz species. Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(6), 290-297.
  21. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v4n6p290
  22. Kousalya, S., Kamalakannan, A., Chowdappa, A., Gopalakrishnan, C., Rajamani, K., & Venkatesh, A. (2019). First report of Xylaria sp. causing tuber rot on glory lily in India. New Disease Reports, 39(1), 21.
  23. http://doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2019.039.021
  24. Latha, P., Anand, T., Ragupathi, N., Prakasam, V., & Samiyappan, R. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and induction of systemic resistance in tomato plants by mixtures of PGPR strains and Zimmu leaf extract against Alternaria solani. Biological Control, 50(2), 85-93.
  25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.03.002
  26. Nouri, M. T., Holland, L. A., Doll, D., Kallsen, C. E., Michailides, T. J., & Trouillas, F. P. (2018). Investigating canker and soil borne diseases of pistachio in California. In VII International Symposium on Almonds and Pistachios, 1219, 295-302.
  27. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1219.45
  28. Nouri, M. T., Lawrence, D. P., Holland, L. A., Doll, D. A., Kallsen, C. E., Culumber, C. M., & Trouillas, F. P. (2019). Identification and pathogenicity of fungal species associated with canker diseases of pistachio in California. Plant Disease, 103(9), 2397-2411.
  29. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-18-1717-RE
  30. Nouri, M. T., Lawrence, D. P., Kallsen, C. E., & Trouillas, F. P. (2020). Macrophomina crown and root rot of pistachio in California. Plants, 9(2), 134.
  31. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9020134
  32. Pryor, B. M., & Michailides, T. J. (2002). Morphological, pathogenic, and molecular characterization of Alternaria isolates associated with Alternaria late blight of pistachio. Phytopathology, 92(4), 406-416.
  33. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.4.406
  34. Rasheed, A., & Naffaa, W. (2017). First Report of Fusarium solani causing root rot of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) seedlings in Nurseries in Syria. The Arab Journal for Arid Environments, 10(1-2), 32-36.
  35. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=QH2021000067
  36. Saremi, H. (2005). Fusarium, biology, ecology and taxonomy. Jihad Daneshgahi, Ferdossy Mashhad University, Iran, p.152pp.
  37. Summerell, B. A., Leslie, J. F., Backhouse, D., Bryden, W. L., & Burgess, L. W. (2001). Fusarium: Paul E. Nelson Memorial Symposium. APS Press. The American Phytopathology Society. St. Paul- Minnesota. 392pp.
  38. https://my.apsnet.org/APSStore/Product-Detail.aspx?WebsiteKey=2661527A-8D44-496C-A730-8CFEB6239BE7&iProductCode=42686
  39. Tezerji, F. S., Mohammadi, H., & Sarcheshmehpour, M. (2018). Crown and root rot disease of pistachio seedling caused by Fusarium solani in Kerman province. Journal of Pistachio Science and Technology, 1(2), 44-57.
  40. http://pistachio.vru.ac.ir/article_62731.html?lang=en
  41. Triki, M. A., Rhouma, A., Chaabouni, A. C., & Ioos, R. (2013). Emergence of Fusarium solani causing root rot of pistachio trees in Tunisia. International Society for Horticultural Science, Acta Horticulturae 912, V International Symposium on Pistachios and Almonds. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.912.107
  42. White, T. J., Bruns, T., Lee, S., & Taylor, J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. Pp. 315-322. In Innis, M. A., Gelfand, D. H., Sninsky, J. J., & T. J. White, T. J. (Eds.). PCR Protocols: A guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press: San Diego, 482pp