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Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at Al-Qaim area 90 km north of Basrah Province, Iraq during the growing season of 2018-2019. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three different herbicides includes Pallas 4.5%OD (125ml.Donum-2), Spotlight75%DWG(5g.Donum-2) and Clodex100EC (150ml.Donum-2) to control the weeds growing with two cultivars of wheat (Ebaa-99 and Buhooth-22). The results showed that Ebaa-99 cultivar was superior in the average of plant height (77.99 cm), flag leaf area (29.15cm2), number of tillers (701.50 tillers.m-2), number of spikes (615.61 spikes.m-2), weight of 1000 grain (43.41g), grain yield (5203.34 Kg.ton-2), biological yield (15216.58 Kg/ha), harvest indicator (35.25%), dry weight of narrow-leaved (14.14 g.m-2) and broad-leaved weeds (43.64g.m-2). While Buhooth-22 cultivar revealed superiority in the number of grains per spike (28.66 grain.spike-2), length of the spike (7.76 cm) and protein content (10.47%). Spraying treatments by the formulation of the herbicides Spotlight and Clodex were significantly exceeded other treatments in all crop plant growing components.
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References
- Al-Chalabi, F.T. (1988). Biological interaction between growth-regulating substances and herbicides in weed control. Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. Wales: 204pp.
- Al-Chalabi, F.T. & Al- Akidi, H.S.M. (2010). Competition of weed and their effects on some growing properties of some wheat cultivars on the accompanied weeds and their effect on the field growth properties. Al-Anbar J. Agric. Sci., 8(4): 444-456. (in Arabic).
- Al-Haddad, K.K.K. (2015). Identification and control of weeds growing in the fields of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and their effect on the growing yield and protein properties. M. Sc. Thesis. Coll. Agric., Univ. Basrah: 94pp. (in Arabic).
- Al-Hadithi, A.A.; Al-Ubaidi, M.O. & Hadithi, A.G. (2017). Evaluate of introduced genotype of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in two location western of Iraq. Al-Anbar J. Agric. Sci., 15(Spec. Issue 1): 179-186. (in Arabic).
- Al-Hassawy, G.S. & Al-Jubury, B.A.K. (1982). Weeds and Controlling Methods. Univ. Mosul, Min. High. Educ.: 195pp. (in Arabic).
- Al-Hayali, T.A.K.; Salih, S.H. & Siddiq, M.M. (2014). Effect of some herbicides on the accompanied weeds in wheat fields in the areas of expected rains. Rafidin Agric. J. Sci., 42(1): 146-152. (In Arabic).
- Al-Jubury, B.K. (2002). Weed Science. Min.High. Educ. Univ. Baghdad: 320pp. (In Arabic).
- Al-Musa, M.A.A.; Ullah, M.A.; Moniruzzaman, M.; Islam, M.S. & Mukherjee, A. (2012). Effect of BARI wheat varieties on seed germination, growth and yield under Patuakhali District. J. Environ. Sci. Nat. Res.., 5(2): 209-212.
- Al-Mutrefi, H.I.T.; Lehmood, M.R.H & Al-Fartoosi, A.K. (2014). Single and incorporated effect of some chemical herbicides on the control of weeds, growth and yield of wheat. Kerbala Univ. Sci. J., 12(1): 163-172. (In Arabic).
- Al-Rawi, K.M. & Khalaf-Allah A. A. (1980). Design and analysis of agricultural experiments. Dar Al Kuttab Printing and Publishing. Univ. Mosul- Min. High. Educ. Sci. Res.: 488pp. (In Arabic).
- Al-Siaidan, K.J.Y. (2019). Effect of seeding date and low herbicides concentrations on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Al-Muthanna J. Agric. Sci., 7(2): 49-68. (In Arabic).
- Al-Sibaee, S.J. (2017). Effect of solarization and some fungi in the control of Leguminous weeds. M. Sc. Thesis, Univ. Basrah: 84pp. (in Arabic).
- Al-Yasiri, A.S.M.M. & Al-Sammak, Q.H. (2015). Effect the Foliar application of potassium in the growth yield five Varieties of wheat Triticum aestivum L. J. Kerbala Univ., 13(3): 105-114.
- Amare, T.; Sharma, J.J. & Zewdie, K. (2014). Effect of weed control methods on weeds and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield. World J. Agric. Res., 1(2):124-128.
- Anter, S.H. & Al-Badr, S.J. (2012). Effect of cultivation types and chemical herbicides in the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and accompanied weeds. Kirkuk J. Agric. Sci., 3(2): 89-110. (In Arabic).
- Asad, M.; Mahmood, Z.; Rasheed, M.R.A.M.; Ramzan, A. & Mudassar, M. (2017). Efficacy of some selective herbicides against broad leaved weeds of wheat crop grown under moisture deficit conditions of Pakistan. Turkish J. Weed Sci., 20(2): 38-45.
- Atiya, H.J. & Whaib, K.M. (1989). Understanding Crop Production (Part I). Min. High. Educ. Univ. Baghdad: 1012pp. (In Arabic).
- Bell, M.A. & Fischer, R.A. (1994). Guide to plant and crop sampling: Measurements and observations for agronomic and physiological research in small grain cereals wheat Spec. Report No. 32. Mexico, DF: CIMMYT: 66pp.
- Bharat, R.; Kachroo, D.; Sharma, R.; Gupta, M. & Sharma, A.K. (2012). Effect of different herbicides on weed growth and yield performance of wheat. Indian J. Weed Sci., 44(2): 106-109.
- Chandra, S.; Kumar, S.; Acharya, S.; Kumar,P. & Tyagi, S. (2018). Effect of different weed management practices on growth and yield of wheat and associated weeds. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 7: 3859-3865.
- Ciba-Giegy. ? (1975). Field Trial Manual. Agrochemicals division. Basle: 25pp.
- Dong, C.; Shao, L.; Fu, Y.; Wang, M.; Xie, B.; Yu, J. & Liu, H. (2015). Evaluation of wheat growth, morphological characteristics, biomass yield and quality in Lunar Palace-1, plant factory, green house and field systems. Acta Astronaut., 111: 102-109.
- Fadoul, H.E.; El Siddig, M.A. & El Hussein, A.A. (2013). Assessment of genetic diversity among Sudanese wheat cultivars using RAPD markers. Int. J. Curr. Sci., 6: 51-57.
- FAO. (2016). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Book. Rome Italy. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/
- Guendouz, A.; Semcheddine, N.; Moumeni, L. & Hafsi, M. (2016). The effect of supplementary irrigation on leaf area, specie leaf weight, grain yield and water use efficiency in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars. Ekin. J. Crop Breed. Genet., 2(1): 82-89.
- Hameed, Z.; Malik, M.A.; Safdar, A.; Ansar, M.; Shaheen, F.; Ijaz, A. & Kalim, K. (2019). Comparative efficiency of different post-emergence herbicides for controlling broadleaved weeds in rain-fed wheat. Pak. J. Agric. Res., 32(1): 78-86.
- Jbail, W.A. & Falih, H.F. (2014). Effect of NPK fertilizer on the growth of cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Al-Musthanna J. Agric. Sci., 2(2): 1-15. (In Arabic).
- Jadooa, K.A & Baker, H.A. (2012). Effect of seeding depth on the properties of yield and its components of six cultivars of wheat. Iraqi J. Agric. Sci., 34(1): 25-37. (In Arabic).
- Kadum, M.N.; Mutlag, N.A.; Al-Khazal, A.J.; Mohamed, G.A.& Salman K.A. (2019). Evaluation of the performance of bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) in central region of Iraq by using selection technique. Res. J. Chem. Environ., 23(Spec. Issue 1): 101-105.
- Kaur, M. & Aggarwal, N.K. (2017). Biocontrol potential of Alternaria sp. PMK2, against a devastating weed: Parthenium hysterophorus L. Int. J. Pest Manage., 63(1): 47-53.
- Li, Y.; Cui, Z.; Ni, Y.; Zheng, M.; Yang, D.; Jin, M.; Chen, J. ;Wang, Z. & Yin, Y. (2016). Plant density effect on grain number and weight of two winter wheat cultivars at different spikelet and grain positions. PloS one, 11(5): 1-15.
- Maqbool, M.M.; Ali, A.; Haq, T.; Majeed, M.N. & Lee, D.J. (2015). Response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to induced water stress at critical growth stages. Sarhad J. Agric., 31(1): 53-58.
- Mollasadeghi, V.; Elyasi, S. & Mirzamasoumzadeh, B. (2012). Genetic variation of 12 bread wheat genotypes based on number of phonological and morphological traits. Ann. Biol. Res., 3(10): 4734-4740.
- Mustari, S.; Bari, M.N.; Islam, M.R. & Karim, A.S. (2014). Evaluation of selected herbicides on weed control efficiency and yield of wheat. J. Sci. Found., 12(2): 27-33.
- Must??ea, P.; S?ulescu, N.N.; Ittu, G.; P?unescu, G.; Voinea, L.; Stere, I. & N?stase, D. (2009). Grain yield and yield stability of winter wheat cultivars in contrasting weather conditions. Rom. Agric. Res., 26: 1-8.
- Naseer-ud-Din, G.M.; Shehzad, M.A. & Nasrullah, H.M. (2011). Efficacy of various pre and post-emergence herbicides to control weeds in wheat. Pak. J. Agric. Sci., 48(3): 185-190.
- Nizamani, G.S.; Tunio, S.; Buriro, U.A. & Keerio, M.I. (2014). Influence of different seed rates on yield contributing traits in wheat varieties. J. Plant. Sci., 2(5): 232-236.
- Öztürk, A.; Bulut, S.; Y?ld?z, N. & Karao?lu, M.M. (2012). Effects of organic manures and non- chemical weed control on wheat: I-Plant growth and grain yield. J. Agric. Sci., 18: 9-20.
- Panozzo, J.F.; Walker, C.K.; Partington, D.L.; Neumann, N.C.; Tausz, M.; Seneweera, S. & Fitzgerald, G.J. (2014). Elevated carbon dioxide changes grain protein concentration, composition, and compromises baking quality. A FACE study. J. Cereal Sci., 60(3): 461-470.
- Pawar, P.P.; Shendkar, G.S. & Landge, M.B. (2018). Efficacy of post emergence herbicides (PoE) on growth, yield and quality of late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Int. J. Chem. Stud., 6(4): 2898-2899.
- Razzak, H. (2017). Study of herbicide effect in some wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). properties under Muthanna governorate environment. Al-Muthanna J. Agric. Sci., 5(1): 65-73. (In Arabic).
- Schuffelen, A.C.; Muller, A. & Van Schouwenburg, J.C. (1961). Quick tests for soil and plant analysis used by small laboratories. Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 9(1): 2-16.?
- Shehzad, M.A.; Maqsood, M.; Anwar-ul-Haq, M. & Niaz, A. (2012). Efficacy of various herbicides against weeds in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Afr. J. Biotechnol., 11(4): 791-799.
- Shewry, P.R.; Halford, N.G.; Belton, P.S. & Tatham, A.S. (2002). The structure and properties of gluten: an elastic protein from wheat grain. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci., 357: 133-142.
- Singh, M.; Singh, O. & Singh, R. (2019). Impact of wheat establishment methods and weed management practices on weed flora, yield and nutrient uptake of wheat in rice-wheat cropping system. J. Agric. Res., 6(2): 73-77.
- Singh, A.P.; Bhullar, M.S.; Yadav, R. & Chowdhury, T. (2015). Weed management in zero-till wheat. Indian J. Weed Sci., 47(3): 233-239.
- Souahi, H.; Amara, L.M. & Djebaar, M.R. (2016). Effects of sulfonylurea herbicides on protein content and antioxidants activity in wheat in semi-arid region. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Manage. Sci. (IJAEMS), 2(9): 1471-1476.
- Steven , Z.K.; Datta, A.; Scott, L. & Charvat, L.D. (2010). Tolerance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to pre-emergence and post-emergence application of saflufenacil. Crop Prot., 29(2):. 148 -152.
- Xavier, A.C.; Rudorff, B.F.T.; Moreira, M.A.; Alvarenga, B.S.; Freitas, J.G.D. & Salomon, M.V. (2006). Hyperspectral field reflectance measurements to estimate wheat grain yield and plant height. Sci. Agric., 63(2): 130-138.
References
Al-Chalabi, F.T. (1988). Biological interaction between growth-regulating substances and herbicides in weed control. Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. Wales: 204pp.
Al-Chalabi, F.T. & Al- Akidi, H.S.M. (2010). Competition of weed and their effects on some growing properties of some wheat cultivars on the accompanied weeds and their effect on the field growth properties. Al-Anbar J. Agric. Sci., 8(4): 444-456. (in Arabic).
Al-Haddad, K.K.K. (2015). Identification and control of weeds growing in the fields of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and their effect on the growing yield and protein properties. M. Sc. Thesis. Coll. Agric., Univ. Basrah: 94pp. (in Arabic).
Al-Hadithi, A.A.; Al-Ubaidi, M.O. & Hadithi, A.G. (2017). Evaluate of introduced genotype of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in two location western of Iraq. Al-Anbar J. Agric. Sci., 15(Spec. Issue 1): 179-186. (in Arabic).
Al-Hassawy, G.S. & Al-Jubury, B.A.K. (1982). Weeds and Controlling Methods. Univ. Mosul, Min. High. Educ.: 195pp. (in Arabic).
Al-Hayali, T.A.K.; Salih, S.H. & Siddiq, M.M. (2014). Effect of some herbicides on the accompanied weeds in wheat fields in the areas of expected rains. Rafidin Agric. J. Sci., 42(1): 146-152. (In Arabic).
Al-Jubury, B.K. (2002). Weed Science. Min.High. Educ. Univ. Baghdad: 320pp. (In Arabic).
Al-Musa, M.A.A.; Ullah, M.A.; Moniruzzaman, M.; Islam, M.S. & Mukherjee, A. (2012). Effect of BARI wheat varieties on seed germination, growth and yield under Patuakhali District. J. Environ. Sci. Nat. Res.., 5(2): 209-212.
Al-Mutrefi, H.I.T.; Lehmood, M.R.H & Al-Fartoosi, A.K. (2014). Single and incorporated effect of some chemical herbicides on the control of weeds, growth and yield of wheat. Kerbala Univ. Sci. J., 12(1): 163-172. (In Arabic).
Al-Rawi, K.M. & Khalaf-Allah A. A. (1980). Design and analysis of agricultural experiments. Dar Al Kuttab Printing and Publishing. Univ. Mosul- Min. High. Educ. Sci. Res.: 488pp. (In Arabic).
Al-Siaidan, K.J.Y. (2019). Effect of seeding date and low herbicides concentrations on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Al-Muthanna J. Agric. Sci., 7(2): 49-68. (In Arabic).
Al-Sibaee, S.J. (2017). Effect of solarization and some fungi in the control of Leguminous weeds. M. Sc. Thesis, Univ. Basrah: 84pp. (in Arabic).
Al-Yasiri, A.S.M.M. & Al-Sammak, Q.H. (2015). Effect the Foliar application of potassium in the growth yield five Varieties of wheat Triticum aestivum L. J. Kerbala Univ., 13(3): 105-114.
Amare, T.; Sharma, J.J. & Zewdie, K. (2014). Effect of weed control methods on weeds and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield. World J. Agric. Res., 1(2):124-128.
Anter, S.H. & Al-Badr, S.J. (2012). Effect of cultivation types and chemical herbicides in the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and accompanied weeds. Kirkuk J. Agric. Sci., 3(2): 89-110. (In Arabic).
Asad, M.; Mahmood, Z.; Rasheed, M.R.A.M.; Ramzan, A. & Mudassar, M. (2017). Efficacy of some selective herbicides against broad leaved weeds of wheat crop grown under moisture deficit conditions of Pakistan. Turkish J. Weed Sci., 20(2): 38-45.
Atiya, H.J. & Whaib, K.M. (1989). Understanding Crop Production (Part I). Min. High. Educ. Univ. Baghdad: 1012pp. (In Arabic).
Bell, M.A. & Fischer, R.A. (1994). Guide to plant and crop sampling: Measurements and observations for agronomic and physiological research in small grain cereals wheat Spec. Report No. 32. Mexico, DF: CIMMYT: 66pp.
Bharat, R.; Kachroo, D.; Sharma, R.; Gupta, M. & Sharma, A.K. (2012). Effect of different herbicides on weed growth and yield performance of wheat. Indian J. Weed Sci., 44(2): 106-109.
Chandra, S.; Kumar, S.; Acharya, S.; Kumar,P. & Tyagi, S. (2018). Effect of different weed management practices on growth and yield of wheat and associated weeds. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 7: 3859-3865.
Ciba-Giegy. ? (1975). Field Trial Manual. Agrochemicals division. Basle: 25pp.
Dong, C.; Shao, L.; Fu, Y.; Wang, M.; Xie, B.; Yu, J. & Liu, H. (2015). Evaluation of wheat growth, morphological characteristics, biomass yield and quality in Lunar Palace-1, plant factory, green house and field systems. Acta Astronaut., 111: 102-109.
Fadoul, H.E.; El Siddig, M.A. & El Hussein, A.A. (2013). Assessment of genetic diversity among Sudanese wheat cultivars using RAPD markers. Int. J. Curr. Sci., 6: 51-57.
FAO. (2016). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Book. Rome Italy. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/
Guendouz, A.; Semcheddine, N.; Moumeni, L. & Hafsi, M. (2016). The effect of supplementary irrigation on leaf area, specie leaf weight, grain yield and water use efficiency in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars. Ekin. J. Crop Breed. Genet., 2(1): 82-89.
Hameed, Z.; Malik, M.A.; Safdar, A.; Ansar, M.; Shaheen, F.; Ijaz, A. & Kalim, K. (2019). Comparative efficiency of different post-emergence herbicides for controlling broadleaved weeds in rain-fed wheat. Pak. J. Agric. Res., 32(1): 78-86.
Jbail, W.A. & Falih, H.F. (2014). Effect of NPK fertilizer on the growth of cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Al-Musthanna J. Agric. Sci., 2(2): 1-15. (In Arabic).
Jadooa, K.A & Baker, H.A. (2012). Effect of seeding depth on the properties of yield and its components of six cultivars of wheat. Iraqi J. Agric. Sci., 34(1): 25-37. (In Arabic).
Kadum, M.N.; Mutlag, N.A.; Al-Khazal, A.J.; Mohamed, G.A.& Salman K.A. (2019). Evaluation of the performance of bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) in central region of Iraq by using selection technique. Res. J. Chem. Environ., 23(Spec. Issue 1): 101-105.
Kaur, M. & Aggarwal, N.K. (2017). Biocontrol potential of Alternaria sp. PMK2, against a devastating weed: Parthenium hysterophorus L. Int. J. Pest Manage., 63(1): 47-53.
Li, Y.; Cui, Z.; Ni, Y.; Zheng, M.; Yang, D.; Jin, M.; Chen, J. ;Wang, Z. & Yin, Y. (2016). Plant density effect on grain number and weight of two winter wheat cultivars at different spikelet and grain positions. PloS one, 11(5): 1-15.
Maqbool, M.M.; Ali, A.; Haq, T.; Majeed, M.N. & Lee, D.J. (2015). Response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to induced water stress at critical growth stages. Sarhad J. Agric., 31(1): 53-58.
Mollasadeghi, V.; Elyasi, S. & Mirzamasoumzadeh, B. (2012). Genetic variation of 12 bread wheat genotypes based on number of phonological and morphological traits. Ann. Biol. Res., 3(10): 4734-4740.
Mustari, S.; Bari, M.N.; Islam, M.R. & Karim, A.S. (2014). Evaluation of selected herbicides on weed control efficiency and yield of wheat. J. Sci. Found., 12(2): 27-33.
Must??ea, P.; S?ulescu, N.N.; Ittu, G.; P?unescu, G.; Voinea, L.; Stere, I. & N?stase, D. (2009). Grain yield and yield stability of winter wheat cultivars in contrasting weather conditions. Rom. Agric. Res., 26: 1-8.
Naseer-ud-Din, G.M.; Shehzad, M.A. & Nasrullah, H.M. (2011). Efficacy of various pre and post-emergence herbicides to control weeds in wheat. Pak. J. Agric. Sci., 48(3): 185-190.
Nizamani, G.S.; Tunio, S.; Buriro, U.A. & Keerio, M.I. (2014). Influence of different seed rates on yield contributing traits in wheat varieties. J. Plant. Sci., 2(5): 232-236.
Öztürk, A.; Bulut, S.; Y?ld?z, N. & Karao?lu, M.M. (2012). Effects of organic manures and non- chemical weed control on wheat: I-Plant growth and grain yield. J. Agric. Sci., 18: 9-20.
Panozzo, J.F.; Walker, C.K.; Partington, D.L.; Neumann, N.C.; Tausz, M.; Seneweera, S. & Fitzgerald, G.J. (2014). Elevated carbon dioxide changes grain protein concentration, composition, and compromises baking quality. A FACE study. J. Cereal Sci., 60(3): 461-470.
Pawar, P.P.; Shendkar, G.S. & Landge, M.B. (2018). Efficacy of post emergence herbicides (PoE) on growth, yield and quality of late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Int. J. Chem. Stud., 6(4): 2898-2899.
Razzak, H. (2017). Study of herbicide effect in some wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). properties under Muthanna governorate environment. Al-Muthanna J. Agric. Sci., 5(1): 65-73. (In Arabic).
Schuffelen, A.C.; Muller, A. & Van Schouwenburg, J.C. (1961). Quick tests for soil and plant analysis used by small laboratories. Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 9(1): 2-16.?
Shehzad, M.A.; Maqsood, M.; Anwar-ul-Haq, M. & Niaz, A. (2012). Efficacy of various herbicides against weeds in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Afr. J. Biotechnol., 11(4): 791-799.
Shewry, P.R.; Halford, N.G.; Belton, P.S. & Tatham, A.S. (2002). The structure and properties of gluten: an elastic protein from wheat grain. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci., 357: 133-142.
Singh, M.; Singh, O. & Singh, R. (2019). Impact of wheat establishment methods and weed management practices on weed flora, yield and nutrient uptake of wheat in rice-wheat cropping system. J. Agric. Res., 6(2): 73-77.
Singh, A.P.; Bhullar, M.S.; Yadav, R. & Chowdhury, T. (2015). Weed management in zero-till wheat. Indian J. Weed Sci., 47(3): 233-239.
Souahi, H.; Amara, L.M. & Djebaar, M.R. (2016). Effects of sulfonylurea herbicides on protein content and antioxidants activity in wheat in semi-arid region. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Manage. Sci. (IJAEMS), 2(9): 1471-1476.
Steven , Z.K.; Datta, A.; Scott, L. & Charvat, L.D. (2010). Tolerance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to pre-emergence and post-emergence application of saflufenacil. Crop Prot., 29(2):. 148 -152.
Xavier, A.C.; Rudorff, B.F.T.; Moreira, M.A.; Alvarenga, B.S.; Freitas, J.G.D. & Salomon, M.V. (2006). Hyperspectral field reflectance measurements to estimate wheat grain yield and plant height. Sci. Agric., 63(2): 130-138.