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Abstract
Carlson’s Trophic State Index (CTSI) was applied to assess the trophic status of two kind of southern Mesopotima marshes. Six stations were selected, three in non-tidal Chebiyesh marshes and other three in tidal East Hammer marsh. The results indicated that the values of CTSI of the six stations fluctuated between 47.59 - 61.96 ranged from mesotrophic to Eutrophic. The increase of salinity during 2018 drastically affect CTSI values in East Hammer marsh. In general, both tidal and non-tidal marshes were eutrophic mainly due to direct release of untreated domestic swage and agricultural drainage waters. Trophic status of southern Iraqi marshes potentially impacted by transparency of the marsh, chlorophyll a and phospharus concentrations.
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References
- Al-Abbawy, D. A. H., & Al-Mayah, A. A. (2010). Ecological survey of aquatic macrophytes in restored marshes of southern Iraq during 2006 and 2007. Marsh Bulletin, 5, 177-196. https://marshbulletin.edu.iq/admin/file/5cc17f8991a11.pdf
- Al-Asadi, A. A. & Al-Hejuje, M. M. (2019). Application of Organic Pollution Index (OPI) to assess the water quality of Al-Chibayish marsh, Southern Iraq. Marsh Bulletin, 14, 22-30.
- Al-Hilli, M. R. A., Warner, B. G., Asada, T., & Douabul, A. (2009). An assessment of vegetation and environmental controls in the 1970ѕ of the Mesopotamian wetlands of southern Iraq. Wetlands Ecology and Management 17, 207-223. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11273-008-9099-1
- Al-Nagar, G. A., Douabul, A. A., & Al-Noor, S. S. (2020). Water Quality Index (WQI) as indicator of the East Hammar marsh after sharpe salinity increase during summer 2018. Marsh Bulletin, 15, 1-11. https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=181439
- Al-Saboonchi, A. A., Mohamad, A. M., & Khalid, F. (2015). Assessment of trophic status for East Al-Hammar marsh using trophic state index (TSI). Basrah Journal Agriculture Science, 28, 73-81.
- APHA (American Public Health Association) (2005). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. 21th edition, Washington D. C., 1193pp. https://www.standardmethods.org/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwjer4BRCZARIsABK4QeVZwY9Z0RzAVknFPu3GrrnQ-JaqslMV6jJ6HramNWRooiLhw5e7Uz8aAv0BEALw_wcB&
- Carlson, R. E. (1977). A trophic state index for lakes: Limnology and Oceanography, 22 361-369. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1977.22.2.0361
- Carlson, R. E. (1980). More complication in the chlorophyll. a-Secchi’s disc relationship. Limnology and Oceanography, 25, 378-382. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1980.25.2.0379
- Devi Prasad, A. G., & Siddaraju, S. (2012). Carlson’s trophic state index for the assessment of trophic status of two lakes in Mandya district. Advances in Applied Science Research, 3, 2992-2996. http://www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com
- Dodds, W. K. (2006). Eutrophication and trophic state in rivers and streams. Limnology and Oceanography, 51, 671–680. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0671
- Elmaci, A., Ozengin, N., Teksoy, A., & Baskaya, H. S. (2009). Evaluation of trophic state of lake Uluabat, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30, 757-760. PubMed or http://www.jeb.co.in/journal_issues/200909_sep09/paper_24.pdf
- Hassan, F. M., Al-Kubaisi, A. A., Talib, A. H., Taylor, W. D., & Abdullah, D. S. (2011). Phytoplankton primary production in southern Iraqi marshes after restoration. Baghdad Science Journal. 8, 519-530. http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/view/2525
- Hosmani, S. P. (2010). Trophic state index in conservation of lake ecosystems. Advances in Plant Sciences, 23, 593-596. http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/lake2006/programme/programme/proceedings/fullpaper_pdfs/S%20P%20Hosmani.pdf
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- Hussain, N. A., Mohamed, A. R. M., Al-Noor, S. S.; Mutlak, F. M., Abed, I., & Coad, B. W. (2009). Structure and ecological indices of fish assemblage of the recently restored Al-Hammar Marsh, southern Iraq. BioRisk, 3, 173-186. https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.11
- Hussain, N. A., & Taher, M. A. (2007). Effect of daily variations, diurnal fluctuations and tidal stage on water parameters of East Hammar marshland, Southern Iraq. Marsh Bulletin, 2, 32-42. https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=70642
- Lind, O. T. (1979). Hand Book of Common Methods in Limnology. 2nd. edition. London: 109pp. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Handbook-of-common-methods-in-Limnology.-2nd-Lind/1d5ce34267fa3635571bed9594164845e0226908
- Mitsch, W. J., & Gosselink, J. G. (2000). Wetlands. 3rd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 920pp. .https://doi.org/10.1002/rrr.637
- Mohamed, A. M., & Hussain, N. A. (2012). Evaluation of fish assemblage environment in east Hammar using Integrated Biological Index. Basrah Journal of Science, 30, 87-105. https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=69238
- Rahmati, R., Pourgholam, R., Najafpour, S. H., & Doustdar, M. (2011). Trophic status of a shallow Lake (North of Iran) based on the water quality and the phytoplankton community. World Applied Sciences Journal, 14, 112-120. http://www.idosi.org/wasj/wasj14(Food&Environment)11/17.pdf
- Rahul, U., Arvind, P. K., & Upadhyay, S. K. (2013). Assessment of lake water quality by using palmer and trophic state index- a case study of upper lake, Bhopal, India, International Research Journal of Environment Sciences, 2, 1-8. http://www.isca.in/IJENS/Archive/v2/i5/1.ISCA-IRJEvS-2013-024.php .
- Rasheed, S. S. (2019). Qualitative and quantitative study of the planktonic and epiphytic diatoms in East Hammar marsh /Southern Iraq. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah, 138pp. (In Arabic).
- Richardson, C. J., & Hussain, N. A. (2006). Restoring the Garden of Eden: An ecological assessment of the marshes of Iraq. Bioscience, 56, 477-489. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[477:RTGOEA]2.0.CO;2
- Tahir, M. A., Risen, A. K. & Hussain, N. A. (2008). Monthly variations in the physical and chemical properties of the restored southern Iraqi marshes. Marsh Bulletin, 3, 81-94. http://www.moen.gov.iq/Portals/0/Monthly%20variations%20in%20the%20physical%20and%20chemical%20properties.pdf
- Yuaqub, R. R. & Salman, H. H. (1992). Some Aspects of Selected Meteorological Element in the Marshes of Lower Mesopotamia :83-94. In: Hussain, N.A. (Ed.). Ahwar of Iraq: Environmental Approach. Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah, 299pp.
References
Al-Abbawy, D. A. H., & Al-Mayah, A. A. (2010). Ecological survey of aquatic macrophytes in restored marshes of southern Iraq during 2006 and 2007. Marsh Bulletin, 5, 177-196. https://marshbulletin.edu.iq/admin/file/5cc17f8991a11.pdf
Al-Asadi, A. A. & Al-Hejuje, M. M. (2019). Application of Organic Pollution Index (OPI) to assess the water quality of Al-Chibayish marsh, Southern Iraq. Marsh Bulletin, 14, 22-30.
Al-Hilli, M. R. A., Warner, B. G., Asada, T., & Douabul, A. (2009). An assessment of vegetation and environmental controls in the 1970ѕ of the Mesopotamian wetlands of southern Iraq. Wetlands Ecology and Management 17, 207-223. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11273-008-9099-1
Al-Nagar, G. A., Douabul, A. A., & Al-Noor, S. S. (2020). Water Quality Index (WQI) as indicator of the East Hammar marsh after sharpe salinity increase during summer 2018. Marsh Bulletin, 15, 1-11. https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=181439
Al-Saboonchi, A. A., Mohamad, A. M., & Khalid, F. (2015). Assessment of trophic status for East Al-Hammar marsh using trophic state index (TSI). Basrah Journal Agriculture Science, 28, 73-81.
APHA (American Public Health Association) (2005). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. 21th edition, Washington D. C., 1193pp. https://www.standardmethods.org/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwjer4BRCZARIsABK4QeVZwY9Z0RzAVknFPu3GrrnQ-JaqslMV6jJ6HramNWRooiLhw5e7Uz8aAv0BEALw_wcB&
Carlson, R. E. (1977). A trophic state index for lakes: Limnology and Oceanography, 22 361-369. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1977.22.2.0361
Carlson, R. E. (1980). More complication in the chlorophyll. a-Secchi’s disc relationship. Limnology and Oceanography, 25, 378-382. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1980.25.2.0379
Devi Prasad, A. G., & Siddaraju, S. (2012). Carlson’s trophic state index for the assessment of trophic status of two lakes in Mandya district. Advances in Applied Science Research, 3, 2992-2996. http://www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com
Dodds, W. K. (2006). Eutrophication and trophic state in rivers and streams. Limnology and Oceanography, 51, 671–680. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0671
Elmaci, A., Ozengin, N., Teksoy, A., & Baskaya, H. S. (2009). Evaluation of trophic state of lake Uluabat, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30, 757-760. PubMed or http://www.jeb.co.in/journal_issues/200909_sep09/paper_24.pdf
Hassan, F. M., Al-Kubaisi, A. A., Talib, A. H., Taylor, W. D., & Abdullah, D. S. (2011). Phytoplankton primary production in southern Iraqi marshes after restoration. Baghdad Science Journal. 8, 519-530. http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/view/2525
Hosmani, S. P. (2010). Trophic state index in conservation of lake ecosystems. Advances in Plant Sciences, 23, 593-596. http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/lake2006/programme/programme/proceedings/fullpaper_pdfs/S%20P%20Hosmani.pdf
Hussain, N. A. (2014). Biotopes of Iraqi Marshlands. 1st. edition, Difaf publishing, Beirut, 432pp. (In Arabic). https://www.neelwafurat.com/itempageMobile.aspx?id=lbb234191-226449&search=books
Hussain, N. A., & Grabe , S. A. (2009). A review of the water quality of the Mesopotamian (Southern Iraq) marshes prior to the massive desiccation of the early 1990s. Marsh Bulletin, 4, 98-120.https://marshbulletin.edu.iq/admin/file/592ca1c451e4f.pdf
Hussain, N. A., Mohamed, A. R. M., Al-Noor, S. S.; Mutlak, F. M., Abed, I., & Coad, B. W. (2009). Structure and ecological indices of fish assemblage of the recently restored Al-Hammar Marsh, southern Iraq. BioRisk, 3, 173-186. https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.11
Hussain, N. A., & Taher, M. A. (2007). Effect of daily variations, diurnal fluctuations and tidal stage on water parameters of East Hammar marshland, Southern Iraq. Marsh Bulletin, 2, 32-42. https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=70642
Lind, O. T. (1979). Hand Book of Common Methods in Limnology. 2nd. edition. London: 109pp. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Handbook-of-common-methods-in-Limnology.-2nd-Lind/1d5ce34267fa3635571bed9594164845e0226908
Mitsch, W. J., & Gosselink, J. G. (2000). Wetlands. 3rd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 920pp. .https://doi.org/10.1002/rrr.637
Mohamed, A. M., & Hussain, N. A. (2012). Evaluation of fish assemblage environment in east Hammar using Integrated Biological Index. Basrah Journal of Science, 30, 87-105. https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=69238
Rahmati, R., Pourgholam, R., Najafpour, S. H., & Doustdar, M. (2011). Trophic status of a shallow Lake (North of Iran) based on the water quality and the phytoplankton community. World Applied Sciences Journal, 14, 112-120. http://www.idosi.org/wasj/wasj14(Food&Environment)11/17.pdf
Rahul, U., Arvind, P. K., & Upadhyay, S. K. (2013). Assessment of lake water quality by using palmer and trophic state index- a case study of upper lake, Bhopal, India, International Research Journal of Environment Sciences, 2, 1-8. http://www.isca.in/IJENS/Archive/v2/i5/1.ISCA-IRJEvS-2013-024.php .
Rasheed, S. S. (2019). Qualitative and quantitative study of the planktonic and epiphytic diatoms in East Hammar marsh /Southern Iraq. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah, 138pp. (In Arabic).
Richardson, C. J., & Hussain, N. A. (2006). Restoring the Garden of Eden: An ecological assessment of the marshes of Iraq. Bioscience, 56, 477-489. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[477:RTGOEA]2.0.CO;2
Tahir, M. A., Risen, A. K. & Hussain, N. A. (2008). Monthly variations in the physical and chemical properties of the restored southern Iraqi marshes. Marsh Bulletin, 3, 81-94. http://www.moen.gov.iq/Portals/0/Monthly%20variations%20in%20the%20physical%20and%20chemical%20properties.pdf
Yuaqub, R. R. & Salman, H. H. (1992). Some Aspects of Selected Meteorological Element in the Marshes of Lower Mesopotamia :83-94. In: Hussain, N.A. (Ed.). Ahwar of Iraq: Environmental Approach. Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah, 299pp.