Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper aimed to measure the bioactive components in the extracts of two date palm cultivars (Berhi and Bream), including flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and carotene, and assess their antioxidant potential. This investigation was carried out in a laboratory at the pharmacognosy department of the College of Pharmacy on October 2023, at the University of Basrah, Iraq. Both qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analytical methods were used in the research, including an estimate of carotene, total polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and primary phytochemical assays. as well as evaluation of their scavenging capacity using DPPH to determine their antioxidant activity in extracts from two date palm cultivars. The phosphomolybdate solution was used to measure the total antioxidants. Results: These studies showed that the fruits of the Berhi and Bream date palms cultivars have a high phenolic content, presented in milligrams for each gram from the extract, including total flavonoid content for Berhi and Bream cultivars 0.450mg, 0.333mg, total phenolic content 2.71mg for both varieties, total tannin content 0.2mg, 0.1mg, total carotene content 38.3microgram, 59.3microgram, furthermore IC50 and p-value were estimated for two cultivars 0.16 with p-value 0.189 for Berhi, 0.19 with p-value 0.234 for Bream. Conclusion: our study improved the antioxidant activity of both date palm cultivars making them suitable natural alternatives for synthetic products and promising candidates for the nutraceutical industries.
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References
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- Bettaieb, I., Kilani, A., Ben Othman, K., Benabderrahim, M. A., & Elfalleh, W. (2023). Phenolic Profile, Sugar Composition, and Antioxidant Capacities of Some Common Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Cultivars as a Potential Nutraceutical and Functional Food Ingredients. Journal of Food Quality, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2474900
- Chang, C. C., Yang, M. H., Wen, H. M., & Chern, J. C. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colometric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10(3), 178–182. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2748
- Daoud, A., Malika, D., Bakari, S., Hfaiedh, N., Mnafgui, K., Kadri, A., & Gharsallah, N. (2019). Assessment of polyphenol composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of various extracts of Date Palm Pollen (DPP) from two Tunisian cultivars. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 12(8), 3075–3086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.07.014
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- Hussain, M. I., Farooq, M., & Syed, Q. A. (2020). Nutritional and biological characteristics of the date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) – A review. Food Bioscience, 34(December 2019), 100509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100509
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- Jamshidi-Kia, F., Wibowo, J. P., Elachouri, M., Masumi, R., Salehifard-Jouneghani, A., Abolhassanzadeh, Z., & Lorigooini, Z. (2020). Battle between plants as antioxidants with free radicals in human body. Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology, 9(3), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2020.25
- Kadhim Hussein, M., Ayob Jaccob, A., & Sagheer Ghalib, M. (2023). Gastroprotective effect of Iraqi dates Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. Cv. Barhi) dates and seeds extracts on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 7(Special Issue), 607–627. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10270297
- Kumari M, & Jain S. (2012). Tannins: An Antinutrient with Positive Effect to Manage Diabetes. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(12), 70–73. www.isca.in
- Lu, W., Shi, Y., Wang, R., Su, D., Tang, M., Liu, Y., & Li, Z. (2021). Antioxidant activity and healthy benefits of natural pigments in fruits: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094945
- Makhawi, A. M., & Hamadnalla, H. (2019). Phytochemical Screening of Leaves and Roots of Stylochiton Borumensis: A Medicinal Plant. Earth & Environmental Science Research & Reviews, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.02.01.03
- Messina, G., Abrego-Guandique, D. M., Bonet, M. L., Caroleo, M. C., Cannataro, R., Tucci, P., Ribot, J., & Cione, E. (2023). Academic Editors: Rita Polito and The Effect of Beta-Carotene on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review.
- Nguyen, H. C., Chen, C. C., Lin, K. H., Chao, P. Y., Lin, H. H., & Huang, M. Y. (2021). Bioactive compounds, antioxidants, and health benefits of sweet potato leaves. Molecules, 26(7), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071820
- Ouamnina, A., Alahyane, A., Elateri, I., Boutasknit, A., & Abderrazik, M. (2024). Relationship between Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Some Moroccan Date Palm Fruit Varieties (Phoenix dactylifera L.): A Two-Year Study. Plants, 13(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081119
- Panche, A. N., Diwan, A. D., & Chandra, S. R. (2016). Flavonoids: An overview. Journal of Nutritional Science, 5. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2016.41
- Rini, Rasdiana, F. Z., & Syukri, D. (2022). Extraction technique for maximum yield of carotene from crops (carrot). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1059(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1059/1/012044
- Sabrina, N., Rizal, M., Nurkolis, F., Hardinsyah, H., Tanner, M. J., Gunawan, W. Ben, Handoko, M. N., Mayulu, N., Taslim, N. A., Puspaningtyas, D. S., Noor, S. L., Yusuf, V. M., Permatasari, H. K., & Radu, S. (2022). Bioactive peptides identification and nutritional status ameliorating properties on malnourished rats of combined eel and soy-based tempe flour. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9(September), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.963065
- Sasikumar, V. (2014). Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Various Leaf Extracts from Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.,. Biochemistry & Analytical Biochemistry, 03(02). https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1009.1000150
- Sedighi-Khavidak, S., Shekarbeygi, N., Delfani, M., & Haidar Nejad, F. (2022). Nutritional and Medicinal Values of Dates (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) From the Perspective of Modern Medicine and Iranian Traditional Medicine. Complementary Medicine Journal, 12(1), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.32598/cmja.12.1.1101.2
- Sun, W., & Shahrajabian, M. H. (2023). Potencial terapêutico de compostos fenólicos em plantas medicinais – produtos naturais de saúde para a saúde humana. Molecules, 28(4).
References
Agrawal, A. D. (2011). Pharmacological Activities of Flavonoids: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology, 4(2), 1394–1398. https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2011.4.2.3
Al-Mahmoudi, S. J. F., Al-Najjar, M.A.H & Alpresem ,W. F. F. (2023). Effect of Fluraton and male cultivar on embryonic development of flowers of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.C.V. ‘Barhee’ Journal of Global Innovations in Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 11(4):649-655. https://doi.org/10.22194/JGIAS/23.1124
Al-Mayah, A. A. (2016). ECOlOGY AND FLORA OF BASRAH (p. 550). Jeekor for printing and publishing/ Beirut-Lebanon/2016.
Al-Mayahi, A. M. W. (2021). In vitro plant regeneration system for date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.): effect of chelated iron sources. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 19(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43141-021-00177-4
Al-Rifai, A., Aqel, A., Al-Warhi, T., Wabaidur, S. M., Al-Othman, Z. A., & Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed, A. Y. (2017). Antibacterial, Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Plant Extracts of Some Convolvulus Species and Their DART-ToF-MS Profiling. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5694305
AlFaris, N. A., AlTamimi, J. Z., AlGhamdi, F. A., Albaridi, N. A., Alzaheb, R. A., Aljabryn, D. H., Aljahani, A. H., & AlMousa, L. A. (2021). Total phenolic content in ripe date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(6), 3566–3577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.033
Alhuzali, S. M. A., Jibrin, N. M. H., Aljaber, R. J. A., & ALbisher, A. O. M. (2023). Dates palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Fruits: Nutritional Properties and Potential Applications. Arabic Journal of Agricultural Science, 6(17), 137-160. https://doi.org/10.21608/asajs.2023.279329
Ali, Z., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Naeem, N., Younas, S., & Javeed, F. (2022). Dates (Phoenix Dactylifera) and Date Vinegar: Preventive Role against Various Diseases and Related in Vivo Mechanisms. Food Reviews International, 38(4), 480–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2020.1735411
Bettaieb, I., Kilani, A., Ben Othman, K., Benabderrahim, M. A., & Elfalleh, W. (2023). Phenolic Profile, Sugar Composition, and Antioxidant Capacities of Some Common Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Cultivars as a Potential Nutraceutical and Functional Food Ingredients. Journal of Food Quality, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2474900
Chang, C. C., Yang, M. H., Wen, H. M., & Chern, J. C. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colometric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10(3), 178–182. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2748
Daoud, A., Malika, D., Bakari, S., Hfaiedh, N., Mnafgui, K., Kadri, A., & Gharsallah, N. (2019). Assessment of polyphenol composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of various extracts of Date Palm Pollen (DPP) from two Tunisian cultivars. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 12(8), 3075–3086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.07.014
Hinkaew, J., Aursalung, A., Sahasakul, Y., Tangsuphoom, N., & Suttisansanee, U. (2021). A comparison of the nutritional and biochemical quality of date palm fruits obtained using different planting techniques. Molecules, 26(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082245
Hoque, M. B., Tanjila, M. J., Hosen, M. I., Hannan, M. A., Haque, P., Rahman, M. M., & Hasan, T. (2024). A comprehensive review of the health effects, origins, uses, and safety of tannins. Plant and Soil, May. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06768-7
Hussain, M. I., Farooq, M., & Syed, Q. A. (2020). Nutritional and biological characteristics of the date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) – A review. Food Bioscience, 34(December 2019), 100509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100509
Iylia Arina, M. Z., & Harisun, Y. (2019). Effect of extraction temperatures on tannin content and antioxidant activity of Quercus infectoria (Manjakani). Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 19(November 2018), 101104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101104
Jamshidi-Kia, F., Wibowo, J. P., Elachouri, M., Masumi, R., Salehifard-Jouneghani, A., Abolhassanzadeh, Z., & Lorigooini, Z. (2020). Battle between plants as antioxidants with free radicals in human body. Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology, 9(3), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2020.25
Kadhim Hussein, M., Ayob Jaccob, A., & Sagheer Ghalib, M. (2023). Gastroprotective effect of Iraqi dates Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. Cv. Barhi) dates and seeds extracts on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 7(Special Issue), 607–627. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10270297
Kumari M, & Jain S. (2012). Tannins: An Antinutrient with Positive Effect to Manage Diabetes. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(12), 70–73. www.isca.in
Lu, W., Shi, Y., Wang, R., Su, D., Tang, M., Liu, Y., & Li, Z. (2021). Antioxidant activity and healthy benefits of natural pigments in fruits: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094945
Makhawi, A. M., & Hamadnalla, H. (2019). Phytochemical Screening of Leaves and Roots of Stylochiton Borumensis: A Medicinal Plant. Earth & Environmental Science Research & Reviews, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.33140/eesrr.02.01.03
Messina, G., Abrego-Guandique, D. M., Bonet, M. L., Caroleo, M. C., Cannataro, R., Tucci, P., Ribot, J., & Cione, E. (2023). Academic Editors: Rita Polito and The Effect of Beta-Carotene on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review.
Nguyen, H. C., Chen, C. C., Lin, K. H., Chao, P. Y., Lin, H. H., & Huang, M. Y. (2021). Bioactive compounds, antioxidants, and health benefits of sweet potato leaves. Molecules, 26(7), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071820
Ouamnina, A., Alahyane, A., Elateri, I., Boutasknit, A., & Abderrazik, M. (2024). Relationship between Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Some Moroccan Date Palm Fruit Varieties (Phoenix dactylifera L.): A Two-Year Study. Plants, 13(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13081119
Panche, A. N., Diwan, A. D., & Chandra, S. R. (2016). Flavonoids: An overview. Journal of Nutritional Science, 5. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2016.41
Rini, Rasdiana, F. Z., & Syukri, D. (2022). Extraction technique for maximum yield of carotene from crops (carrot). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1059(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1059/1/012044
Sabrina, N., Rizal, M., Nurkolis, F., Hardinsyah, H., Tanner, M. J., Gunawan, W. Ben, Handoko, M. N., Mayulu, N., Taslim, N. A., Puspaningtyas, D. S., Noor, S. L., Yusuf, V. M., Permatasari, H. K., & Radu, S. (2022). Bioactive peptides identification and nutritional status ameliorating properties on malnourished rats of combined eel and soy-based tempe flour. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9(September), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.963065
Sasikumar, V. (2014). Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Various Leaf Extracts from Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.,. Biochemistry & Analytical Biochemistry, 03(02). https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1009.1000150
Sedighi-Khavidak, S., Shekarbeygi, N., Delfani, M., & Haidar Nejad, F. (2022). Nutritional and Medicinal Values of Dates (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) From the Perspective of Modern Medicine and Iranian Traditional Medicine. Complementary Medicine Journal, 12(1), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.32598/cmja.12.1.1101.2
Sun, W., & Shahrajabian, M. H. (2023). Potencial terapêutico de compostos fenólicos em plantas medicinais – produtos naturais de saúde para a saúde humana. Molecules, 28(4).