Main Article Content
Abstract
Between January and December 2019, a total of 368 fish specimens were collected from Lake Hamrin in Diyala province, Iraq. Eight species of these fishes belonged to the family Cyprinidae, five to the family Leuciscidae as well as one species each to Bagridae, Heteropneustidae, Siluridae, Mugilidae and Mastacembelidae. After the laboratory examination these fishes were found to be infected with 30 monogeneans and two trematode species. The monogeneans included one species each of Mastacembelocleidus, Paradiplozoon, Solostamenides, and Thaparocleidus, two species of Dogielius, four species of Gyrodactylus and 20 species of Dactylogyrus, while the trematodes included one species each of Ascocotyle which infects eight fish species and Clinostomum which infect nine fish species. Clinostomum complanatum infected nine host species, also, the results of the present study revealed that 15 parasite species infect only one host species each. Carassius auratus was infected with 18 parasite species and Cyprinus carpio with nine species. Eight fish species are reported here as new host records in Iraq for 13 parasite species.
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References
- Abdul-Ameer, K. N. (1989). Study of the parasites of freshwater fishes from Tigris river in Salah Al-Dien province, Iraq. M. Sc. Thesis, College Science, University of Baghdad, 98pp. (In Arabic).
- Abdul-Ameer, K. N. (2006). On the occurrence of the monogenetic trematode Dactylogyrus wegeneri for the first time in Iraq on gills of the common carp Cyprinus carpio. Babylon University Journal, Pure and Applied Science, 13, 1052-1055.
- Abdullah, S. M. A. (1990). Survey of the parasites of fishes of Dokan lake. M. Sc. Thesis, College of Science, University of Salahaddin, 115pp. (In Arabic).
- Abdullah, S. M. A. (2002). Ecology, taxonomy and biology of some parasites of fishes from Lesser Zab and Greater Zab rivers in north of Iraq. Ph. D. Thesis, College of Education (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad, 153pp. (In Arabic).
- Abdullah, S. M. A. (2008). First record of Dactylogyrus fallax (Monogenetic Trematoda) from Chalcalburnus mossulensis from Greater Zab river, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Journal of Duhok University, 11, 57-61.
- Abdullah, Y. S. (2013). Study on the parasites of some fishes from Darbandikhan lake in Kurdistan region, Iraq. M. Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Science Education, University of Sulaimani, 116pp.
- Al-Ali, Z. A.J. R. (1998). A study of some trematodes and its histopathological effects from three species of fish (family Cyprinidae) in Basrah province. M. Sc. Thesis, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, 107pp. (In Arabic).
- Al-Aubaidi, I. K., Mhaisen, F. T., & Balasem, A. N. (1999). The external parasites of the common carp (Cyprinion carpio) in Al-Zaafaraniya fish farm, Baghdad. Ibn Al-Haitham J.ournal for Pure and Applied Science, 12, 32-40.
- Al-Helli, A. M. S., Ali, A. H., & Resen, A. K. (2019). First record of Solostamenides paucitesticulatus Kritsky & Öktener, 2015 (Monogenoidea, Microcotylidae) from gills of abu mullet Planiliza abu (Heckel, 1843) from Euphrates river of Samawa city, southern Iraq. Bulletin Iraq Natural History Museum, 15, 237-245. https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2019.15.3.0237.
- Ali, M. D., & Shaaban, F. (1984). Some species of parasites of freshwater fish raised in ponds and in Tigris- Al-Tharthar canal region. Seventh Scientific Conference, Iraqi Veterinary Medical Association, Mosul: 23-25 Oct. 1984, 44-46. (Abstract).
- Ali, N. M., Al-Jafery, A. R., & Abdul-Ameer, K. N. (1986). New records of three digenetic trematodes on some freshwater fishes from Diyala river, Iraq. Proceedings of the Fourth Scientific Conference, Scientific Research Council. 5, 10-19.
- Al-Nasiri, F. S., & Balbuena, J. A. (2016). Paradiplozoon iraqensis n. sp. (Monogenea: Diplozoinae) from Cyprinion macrostomum (Cyprinidae) in the Tigris river, Iraq. Acta Parasitologica, 61, 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1515/ap-2016-0039.
- Al-Nasiri, F. S., & Balbuena, J. A. (2018). Solostamenides iraqensis n. sp. (Monogenoidea, Microcotylidae) parasitizing the freshwater mullet Liza abu (Pisces, Mugilidae) from the Tigris river in Iraq. Vie Milieu- Life Environment, 68, 245-251.
- Al-Zubaidy, A. B. (1998). Studies on the parasitic fauna of carps in Al-Furat fish farm, Babylon province, Iraq. Ph. D. Thesis, College of Science, University of Babylon, 141pp. (In Arabic).
- Amlacher, E. (1970). Textbook of fish diseases. (Engl. transl.). T.F.H. Publ., Jersey City, 302pp. https://books.google.iq/books/about/Textbook_of_fish_diseases.html?id=E4v_zQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
- Asmar, K. R., Balasem, A. N., Al-Jawda, J. M., & Adday, T. K. (2004). Recording of parasitic and fungal infections in three fish farms, south of Baghdad. Iraqi Journal of Aquaculture, 2, 117-132. (In Arabic).
- Balasem, A. N., Mohammad-Ali, N. R., Adday, T. K., Ali, A. K., & Waheed, I. K. (2000). Parasitological survey on fish in Hemrin dam lake, province of Diyala. Journal of Diyala, 1, 104-114. (In Arabic).
- Bauer, O. N., Musselius, V. A., & Strelkov, Yu. A. (1969). Diseases of pond fishes. Izdat. Kolos, Moscow, 220pp. (In Russian).
- Boeger, W. A., & Kritsky, D. C. (2001). Phylogenetic relationship of the Monogenoidea. In: Littlewood, D.T.J. & Bray, R.A. (Eds.). Interrelationships of the Platyhelminthes. Taylor & Francis, London, 92-102. https://www.routledge.com/Interrelationships-of-the-Platyhelminthes/Littlewood-Bray/p/book/ 9780367397852
- Bychowsky, B. E., (1957). [Monogenetic trematodes: Their systematics and phylogeny]. Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow/ Petersburg, 509pp. (In Russian).
- Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya, I. E., Gusev, A. V., Dubinia, M. N., Izyumova, N. A., Smirnova, T. S., Sokolovskaya, I. L., Shtein, G. A., Shul'man, S. S., & Epshtein, V. M. (1962). [Key to parasites of freshwater fish of the U.S.S.R]. Akad. Nauk, S.S.S.R., Moscow, 727pp. (In Russian).
- Coad, B. W. (2010). Freshwater fishes of Iraq. Pensoft Publ., Moscow, 274pp. + 16Pls. https://www.nhbs.com/freshwater-fishes-of-iraq-book
- Duijn, van. C. Jnr. (1973). Diseases of fishes, 3rd edition, Illiffe Books, London, 372pp. https://www.amazon.com/Diseases-fishes-C-van-Duijn-dp-0398027188/dp/0398027188/ref=dp_ob_ image_bk
- Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N., & Van der Laan, R. (eds.) (2020). Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ ichthyology/ catalog/fishcatmain.asp. (Updated 6 April 2020).
- Gussev, A. V. (1985). Parasitic metazoans: Class Monogenea. In: Bauer, O.N. (Ed.). Key to the parasites of freshwater fish fauna of U.S.S.R., vol. 2. Nauka, Petersburg, 424pp. (In Russian).
- Gussev, A. V., Ali, N. M., Abdul-Ameer, K. N., Amin, S. M., & Molnár, K. (1993). New and known species of Dactylogyrus Diesing, 1850 (Monogenea, Dactylogyridae) from cyprinid fishes of the river Tigris, Iraq. Systematic Parasitology, 25, 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007012
- Hameed, R. S. (2019). Parasites of some fish species from Tigris river in Al-Kamirah region at north of Baghdad province, Iraq. M. Sc. Thesis, College Education Pure Science Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, 132pp. (In Arabic).
- Hoffman, G. L. (1999). Parasites of North American freshwater fishes, 2nd edn., Cornell University Press, London, 560pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctvv415zj
- Kearn, G. C. (1998). Parasitism and the Platyhelminths. Chapman & Hall, London, 544pp.
- Khamees, N. R. (1983). A study of the parasites of Carasobarbus luteus (Heckel), Liza abu (Heckel) and Aspius vorax Heckel from Mehaijeran canal, south of Basrah. M. Sc. Thesis, College Agriculture, University of Basrah, 148pp. (In Arabic).
- Kritsky, D. C., Pandey, K. C., Agrawal, N., & Abdullah, S. M. A. (2004). Monogenoids from the gills of spiny eels (Teleostei: Mastacembelidae) in India and Iraq, proposal of Mastacembelocleidus gen. n., and status of the Indian species of Actinocleidus, Urocleidus and Haplocleidus (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae). Folia Parasitologica, 51, 291-298. https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2004.036.
- Lim, L. H. S., Timofeeva, T. A., & Gibson, D. I. (2001). Dactylogyridean monogeneans of the siluriform fishes of the Old World. Systematic Parasitology, 50, 159-197. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012237801974.
- Mama, K. S. (2012). A comparative study on the parasitic fauna of the common carp Cyprinus carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery (Erbil) and Lesser Zab river in Kurdistan region, Iraq. M. Sc. Thesis, College Education- Science, University of Salahaddin, 89pp.
- Margolis, L., Esch, G. W., Holmes, J. C., Kuris, A. M., & Schad, G. A. (1982). The use of ecological terms in parasitology (Report of ad hoc committee of the American Society of Parasitologists). The Journal of Parasitology; 68, 131-133. https://doi.org/10.2307/3281335
- Mhaisen, F. T. (2020). Index-catalogue of parasites and disease agents of fishes of Iraq. (Unpublished: mhaisenft@yahoo.co.uk).
- Mhaisen, F. T., & Abdul-Ameer, K. N. (2019). Checklists of Dactylogyrus species (Monogenea) from fishes of Iraq. Biological and Applied Environmental Research, 3, 1-36. http://www.baerj.com/2(2)/Mhaisen%20&%20Abdul-Ameer%203%20(1),%201-36,%202019.pdf
- Mhaisen, F. T., & Abul-Eis, E. S. (1992). Parasitic helminths of eight species of aquatic birds in Babylon fish farm, Hilla, Iraq. Zoology in the Middle East, 7, 115-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.1992.10637629
- Mhaisen, F. T., Ali, N. M., Abul-Eis, E. S., & Kadim, L. S. (1988). First record of Dactylogyrus achmerowi Gussev, 1955 with an identification key for the dactylogyrids of fishes of Iraq. Journal of Biological Science Research;, 19, 887-900.
- Mhaisen, F. T., Balasem, A. N., Al-Khateeb, G. H., & Asmar, K. R. (1997). Recording of five monogenetic trematodes for the first time from fishes of Iraq. Abstracts of the 14th Scientific Conference, Iraqi Biological Society, Najaf, 11-13 March 1997.
- Mhaisen, F. T., Balasem, A. N., Al-Khateeb, G. H., & Asmar, K. R. (2003). Recording of five monogenetic trematodes for the first time from fishes of Iraq. Bulletin Iraq Natural History Museum, 10, 31-38. https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/41971
- Mohammad-Ali, N. R., Balasem, A. N., Mhaisen, F. T., Salih, A. M., & Waheed, I. K. (1999). Observations on the parasitic fauna in Al-Zaafaraniya fish farm, south of Baghdad. The Veterinary, 9, 79-88. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273315253_Observations_on_the_parasitic_fauna_in_Al-Zafaaraniya_fish_farm_south_of_Baghdad_Vet_92_79-88_1999
- Olsen, O. W. (1974). Animal parasites: Their life cycles and ecology, 3rd edition., University Park Press, Baltimore, 562pp. https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/21827369.
- Pugachev, O. N., Gerasev, P. I., Gussev, A. V., Ergens, R., & Khotenowsky, I. (eds.) (2009). Guide to Monogenoidea of freshwater fish of Palaearctic and Amur regions. Ledizioni Ledi Publ., Milano, 567pp. https://boa.unimib.it/retrieve/handle/10281/9695/400810/Guide%20to%20monogenoidea%20of%20freshwater%20fish%20of%20Palaeartic%20and%20Amur%20regions%20first%20part.pdf
- Salih, N. E., Ali, N. M., & Abdul-Ameer, K. N. (1988). Helminthic fauna of three species of carp raised in ponds in Iraq. Journal of Biological Scientific Research, 19, 369-386.
- Shulman, S. S. (1961). Specificity of fish parasites. In: Dogiel, V. A., Petrushevski, G. K., & Polyanski, Yu. I. (Eds.). Parasitology of fishes (English translation). Oliver & Boyd Ltd., Edinburgh & London: 104-116. (English translation by Hargis, W.J. & Oustinoff, P.C., 1961). Am. Inst. Biol. Sci., Washington, D.C., 384pp. doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19620470121.
- Yamaguti, S. (1968). Systema Helminthum. IV. Monogenea and Aspidocotylea. Intersci. Publ., New York, 699pp.
References
Abdul-Ameer, K. N. (1989). Study of the parasites of freshwater fishes from Tigris river in Salah Al-Dien province, Iraq. M. Sc. Thesis, College Science, University of Baghdad, 98pp. (In Arabic).
Abdul-Ameer, K. N. (2006). On the occurrence of the monogenetic trematode Dactylogyrus wegeneri for the first time in Iraq on gills of the common carp Cyprinus carpio. Babylon University Journal, Pure and Applied Science, 13, 1052-1055.
Abdullah, S. M. A. (1990). Survey of the parasites of fishes of Dokan lake. M. Sc. Thesis, College of Science, University of Salahaddin, 115pp. (In Arabic).
Abdullah, S. M. A. (2002). Ecology, taxonomy and biology of some parasites of fishes from Lesser Zab and Greater Zab rivers in north of Iraq. Ph. D. Thesis, College of Education (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad, 153pp. (In Arabic).
Abdullah, S. M. A. (2008). First record of Dactylogyrus fallax (Monogenetic Trematoda) from Chalcalburnus mossulensis from Greater Zab river, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Journal of Duhok University, 11, 57-61.
Abdullah, Y. S. (2013). Study on the parasites of some fishes from Darbandikhan lake in Kurdistan region, Iraq. M. Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Science Education, University of Sulaimani, 116pp.
Al-Ali, Z. A.J. R. (1998). A study of some trematodes and its histopathological effects from three species of fish (family Cyprinidae) in Basrah province. M. Sc. Thesis, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, 107pp. (In Arabic).
Al-Aubaidi, I. K., Mhaisen, F. T., & Balasem, A. N. (1999). The external parasites of the common carp (Cyprinion carpio) in Al-Zaafaraniya fish farm, Baghdad. Ibn Al-Haitham J.ournal for Pure and Applied Science, 12, 32-40.
Al-Helli, A. M. S., Ali, A. H., & Resen, A. K. (2019). First record of Solostamenides paucitesticulatus Kritsky & Öktener, 2015 (Monogenoidea, Microcotylidae) from gills of abu mullet Planiliza abu (Heckel, 1843) from Euphrates river of Samawa city, southern Iraq. Bulletin Iraq Natural History Museum, 15, 237-245. https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2019.15.3.0237.
Ali, M. D., & Shaaban, F. (1984). Some species of parasites of freshwater fish raised in ponds and in Tigris- Al-Tharthar canal region. Seventh Scientific Conference, Iraqi Veterinary Medical Association, Mosul: 23-25 Oct. 1984, 44-46. (Abstract).
Ali, N. M., Al-Jafery, A. R., & Abdul-Ameer, K. N. (1986). New records of three digenetic trematodes on some freshwater fishes from Diyala river, Iraq. Proceedings of the Fourth Scientific Conference, Scientific Research Council. 5, 10-19.
Al-Nasiri, F. S., & Balbuena, J. A. (2016). Paradiplozoon iraqensis n. sp. (Monogenea: Diplozoinae) from Cyprinion macrostomum (Cyprinidae) in the Tigris river, Iraq. Acta Parasitologica, 61, 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1515/ap-2016-0039.
Al-Nasiri, F. S., & Balbuena, J. A. (2018). Solostamenides iraqensis n. sp. (Monogenoidea, Microcotylidae) parasitizing the freshwater mullet Liza abu (Pisces, Mugilidae) from the Tigris river in Iraq. Vie Milieu- Life Environment, 68, 245-251.
Al-Zubaidy, A. B. (1998). Studies on the parasitic fauna of carps in Al-Furat fish farm, Babylon province, Iraq. Ph. D. Thesis, College of Science, University of Babylon, 141pp. (In Arabic).
Amlacher, E. (1970). Textbook of fish diseases. (Engl. transl.). T.F.H. Publ., Jersey City, 302pp. https://books.google.iq/books/about/Textbook_of_fish_diseases.html?id=E4v_zQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Asmar, K. R., Balasem, A. N., Al-Jawda, J. M., & Adday, T. K. (2004). Recording of parasitic and fungal infections in three fish farms, south of Baghdad. Iraqi Journal of Aquaculture, 2, 117-132. (In Arabic).
Balasem, A. N., Mohammad-Ali, N. R., Adday, T. K., Ali, A. K., & Waheed, I. K. (2000). Parasitological survey on fish in Hemrin dam lake, province of Diyala. Journal of Diyala, 1, 104-114. (In Arabic).
Bauer, O. N., Musselius, V. A., & Strelkov, Yu. A. (1969). Diseases of pond fishes. Izdat. Kolos, Moscow, 220pp. (In Russian).
Boeger, W. A., & Kritsky, D. C. (2001). Phylogenetic relationship of the Monogenoidea. In: Littlewood, D.T.J. & Bray, R.A. (Eds.). Interrelationships of the Platyhelminthes. Taylor & Francis, London, 92-102. https://www.routledge.com/Interrelationships-of-the-Platyhelminthes/Littlewood-Bray/p/book/ 9780367397852
Bychowsky, B. E., (1957). [Monogenetic trematodes: Their systematics and phylogeny]. Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow/ Petersburg, 509pp. (In Russian).
Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya, I. E., Gusev, A. V., Dubinia, M. N., Izyumova, N. A., Smirnova, T. S., Sokolovskaya, I. L., Shtein, G. A., Shul'man, S. S., & Epshtein, V. M. (1962). [Key to parasites of freshwater fish of the U.S.S.R]. Akad. Nauk, S.S.S.R., Moscow, 727pp. (In Russian).
Coad, B. W. (2010). Freshwater fishes of Iraq. Pensoft Publ., Moscow, 274pp. + 16Pls. https://www.nhbs.com/freshwater-fishes-of-iraq-book
Duijn, van. C. Jnr. (1973). Diseases of fishes, 3rd edition, Illiffe Books, London, 372pp. https://www.amazon.com/Diseases-fishes-C-van-Duijn-dp-0398027188/dp/0398027188/ref=dp_ob_ image_bk
Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N., & Van der Laan, R. (eds.) (2020). Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ ichthyology/ catalog/fishcatmain.asp. (Updated 6 April 2020).
Gussev, A. V. (1985). Parasitic metazoans: Class Monogenea. In: Bauer, O.N. (Ed.). Key to the parasites of freshwater fish fauna of U.S.S.R., vol. 2. Nauka, Petersburg, 424pp. (In Russian).
Gussev, A. V., Ali, N. M., Abdul-Ameer, K. N., Amin, S. M., & Molnár, K. (1993). New and known species of Dactylogyrus Diesing, 1850 (Monogenea, Dactylogyridae) from cyprinid fishes of the river Tigris, Iraq. Systematic Parasitology, 25, 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007012
Hameed, R. S. (2019). Parasites of some fish species from Tigris river in Al-Kamirah region at north of Baghdad province, Iraq. M. Sc. Thesis, College Education Pure Science Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, 132pp. (In Arabic).
Hoffman, G. L. (1999). Parasites of North American freshwater fishes, 2nd edn., Cornell University Press, London, 560pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctvv415zj
Kearn, G. C. (1998). Parasitism and the Platyhelminths. Chapman & Hall, London, 544pp.
Khamees, N. R. (1983). A study of the parasites of Carasobarbus luteus (Heckel), Liza abu (Heckel) and Aspius vorax Heckel from Mehaijeran canal, south of Basrah. M. Sc. Thesis, College Agriculture, University of Basrah, 148pp. (In Arabic).
Kritsky, D. C., Pandey, K. C., Agrawal, N., & Abdullah, S. M. A. (2004). Monogenoids from the gills of spiny eels (Teleostei: Mastacembelidae) in India and Iraq, proposal of Mastacembelocleidus gen. n., and status of the Indian species of Actinocleidus, Urocleidus and Haplocleidus (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae). Folia Parasitologica, 51, 291-298. https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2004.036.
Lim, L. H. S., Timofeeva, T. A., & Gibson, D. I. (2001). Dactylogyridean monogeneans of the siluriform fishes of the Old World. Systematic Parasitology, 50, 159-197. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012237801974.
Mama, K. S. (2012). A comparative study on the parasitic fauna of the common carp Cyprinus carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery (Erbil) and Lesser Zab river in Kurdistan region, Iraq. M. Sc. Thesis, College Education- Science, University of Salahaddin, 89pp.
Margolis, L., Esch, G. W., Holmes, J. C., Kuris, A. M., & Schad, G. A. (1982). The use of ecological terms in parasitology (Report of ad hoc committee of the American Society of Parasitologists). The Journal of Parasitology; 68, 131-133. https://doi.org/10.2307/3281335
Mhaisen, F. T. (2020). Index-catalogue of parasites and disease agents of fishes of Iraq. (Unpublished: mhaisenft@yahoo.co.uk).
Mhaisen, F. T., & Abdul-Ameer, K. N. (2019). Checklists of Dactylogyrus species (Monogenea) from fishes of Iraq. Biological and Applied Environmental Research, 3, 1-36. http://www.baerj.com/2(2)/Mhaisen%20&%20Abdul-Ameer%203%20(1),%201-36,%202019.pdf
Mhaisen, F. T., & Abul-Eis, E. S. (1992). Parasitic helminths of eight species of aquatic birds in Babylon fish farm, Hilla, Iraq. Zoology in the Middle East, 7, 115-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.1992.10637629
Mhaisen, F. T., Ali, N. M., Abul-Eis, E. S., & Kadim, L. S. (1988). First record of Dactylogyrus achmerowi Gussev, 1955 with an identification key for the dactylogyrids of fishes of Iraq. Journal of Biological Science Research;, 19, 887-900.
Mhaisen, F. T., Balasem, A. N., Al-Khateeb, G. H., & Asmar, K. R. (1997). Recording of five monogenetic trematodes for the first time from fishes of Iraq. Abstracts of the 14th Scientific Conference, Iraqi Biological Society, Najaf, 11-13 March 1997.
Mhaisen, F. T., Balasem, A. N., Al-Khateeb, G. H., & Asmar, K. R. (2003). Recording of five monogenetic trematodes for the first time from fishes of Iraq. Bulletin Iraq Natural History Museum, 10, 31-38. https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/41971
Mohammad-Ali, N. R., Balasem, A. N., Mhaisen, F. T., Salih, A. M., & Waheed, I. K. (1999). Observations on the parasitic fauna in Al-Zaafaraniya fish farm, south of Baghdad. The Veterinary, 9, 79-88. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273315253_Observations_on_the_parasitic_fauna_in_Al-Zafaaraniya_fish_farm_south_of_Baghdad_Vet_92_79-88_1999
Olsen, O. W. (1974). Animal parasites: Their life cycles and ecology, 3rd edition., University Park Press, Baltimore, 562pp. https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/21827369.
Pugachev, O. N., Gerasev, P. I., Gussev, A. V., Ergens, R., & Khotenowsky, I. (eds.) (2009). Guide to Monogenoidea of freshwater fish of Palaearctic and Amur regions. Ledizioni Ledi Publ., Milano, 567pp. https://boa.unimib.it/retrieve/handle/10281/9695/400810/Guide%20to%20monogenoidea%20of%20freshwater%20fish%20of%20Palaeartic%20and%20Amur%20regions%20first%20part.pdf
Salih, N. E., Ali, N. M., & Abdul-Ameer, K. N. (1988). Helminthic fauna of three species of carp raised in ponds in Iraq. Journal of Biological Scientific Research, 19, 369-386.
Shulman, S. S. (1961). Specificity of fish parasites. In: Dogiel, V. A., Petrushevski, G. K., & Polyanski, Yu. I. (Eds.). Parasitology of fishes (English translation). Oliver & Boyd Ltd., Edinburgh & London: 104-116. (English translation by Hargis, W.J. & Oustinoff, P.C., 1961). Am. Inst. Biol. Sci., Washington, D.C., 384pp. doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19620470121.
Yamaguti, S. (1968). Systema Helminthum. IV. Monogenea and Aspidocotylea. Intersci. Publ., New York, 699pp.