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Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the best practical method of semen thawing which could be applied to frozen semen of bulls in straw produced by Artificial Insemination Center, Iraq. Frozen semen was thawed at 15°C for 30 sec, 40°C for 10 sec and 50°C for 5 sec. individual motility, live, and dead sperm cells was assessed using light microscope. Results revealed that number, motility, and live of sperm cells, were significantly higher at the 50°C for 5 sec than other thawing temperatures In conclusion, it is recommended to use a temperatures of 50°C for 5 sec and to dissolve the frozen semen because it gave the best quality semen after thawing and easy to utilize in field.
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References
- Anand, S.R. (1979). Buffalo sperm metabolism. An acrosomal of mortality live sperm count and leakage of dilution enzymes from buffalo spermatozoa during duration and preservation. Buffalo reproduction and artificial insemination Proceedings of the Seminar sponsored by FAO/SIDA/ India, held at National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India December 4-15, 1978: 284-291.
- Bearden, H.J.; Fuquay, F.F. & Willard, S.T. (2004). Applied Animal Reproduction. 6th ed.. Pearson Prentice Hallm, New Jersey: 448pp.
- Brito, L.F.C; Silva, A.O.F; Rodrigus, L.H.; Viiera, F. V.; Deragon, L.A.G. & Kasletic, G.P. (2002). Effect of environmental factor, age and genotype on sperm production and semen quality in Bos indicus and Bos Taurus AI bulls in Brazil. Anim. Reprd. Sci., 70: 181-190.age bist Taurus AL bull in Brazil. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 70: 181-190.
- Correa, J.R.; Pace, M.M. & Zavos, P.M. (1997). Relationships among frozen-thawed sperm characteristics accessed via the routine semen analysis, sperm functional tests and fertility of bulls in an artificial insemination program. Theriogenology, 48: 721-731.
- Curry, M.R. & Watson, F.B. (1994). Osmotic effects on ram and human sperm membranes in relation to thawing injury. Cryobiology, 31: 39-46.
- Dhami, A.J. & Sahni, K.L. (1993). Evaluation of different cooling rates, equilibration periods and diluents for effects on deep-freezing, enzyme leakage and fertility of taurine bull spermatozoa. Theriogenelogy, 40: 1269-1280.
- Evans, G. & Maxwell, W.M.C. (1987). Salamon's Artificial Insemination of Sheep and Goat. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.: 209pp.
- Hayashi, Y. & Isobe, N. (2005). Characteristics of cryopreserved spermatozoa from a Holstein-Friesian bull thawed at different temperature. J. Inter. Dev. Coop., 12(1): 107-110.
- Ileri, I.K. & Ak, A. (1993). Straws according to the method and duration of melting of frozen bull sperm as ineritilmesinde spermatozoitlerin Effects on Motility and Acrosome Yap1lar1. Ludwing-Maximilians. Univ. Munich Faculty Vet. Med., Univ. Istanbul and Turkish-German Days of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, April 29-30-May1s the Communiqué (Turkish): 58-62.
- Jondet, R. (1972). Survival rate and fertilizing ability of frozen bull spermatozoa following 8 and 1 min of exposure to glycerol. Proceed. 7th Int. Conf. Anim. Reprod. Artif. Insem., Munich 2: 280pp.
- Ostashko, F.I. (1978). Deep freeze and longtime storage of Animal sperm Harvest House publishers, Karvest. Ukraine. 256pp.
- Pace, M.M.; Sullivan, J.J.; Elliot, F.I.; Graham, E.F. & Coulter, G.H. (1981). Effects of thawing temperature, number of spermatozoa and spermatozoa quality on fertility of bovine spermatozoa packaged in 5 mL French straws. J. Anim. Sci., 35: 253-258.
- Robbins, P.K.; Saacke, R.H. & Chandler, P.T. (1976). Influence of freeze rate, thaw rate and glycerol level on acrosomal retention and survival of bovine spermatozoa frozen on French straw. J. Anim. Sci., 42: 145-154.
- Rodriguez, O.L.; Pace, M.M. & Zavos, P.M. (1975). Effect of rates of freezing, thawing and level of glycerol on the survival of bovine spermatozoa in straws. J. Anim. Sci., 41: 129-136.
- Senger, P.L. (1980). Handling frozen bovine semen factors which influence viability and fertility. Theriogenology, 13: 51-62.
- SPSS (1996). Statistical Packages of socizl Sciences. Version 10.
- Thibier, M. & Wagner, H.G. (2002). World statistics for artificial insemination in cattle. Livestock Prod. Sci., 74: 203-215.
- Vishwanath, R. & Shannon, P. (2000). Storage of bovine semen in liquid and frozen state. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 62: 23-53
- Wiggin, H.B. & Almquist, J.O. (1975). Effect of glycerol equilibration time and thawing rate upon acrosomal maintenance and motility of bull spermatozoa frozen in plastic straws. J. Anim. Sci., 21(9): 302-305.
References
Anand, S.R. (1979). Buffalo sperm metabolism. An acrosomal of mortality live sperm count and leakage of dilution enzymes from buffalo spermatozoa during duration and preservation. Buffalo reproduction and artificial insemination Proceedings of the Seminar sponsored by FAO/SIDA/ India, held at National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India December 4-15, 1978: 284-291.
Bearden, H.J.; Fuquay, F.F. & Willard, S.T. (2004). Applied Animal Reproduction. 6th ed.. Pearson Prentice Hallm, New Jersey: 448pp.
Brito, L.F.C; Silva, A.O.F; Rodrigus, L.H.; Viiera, F. V.; Deragon, L.A.G. & Kasletic, G.P. (2002). Effect of environmental factor, age and genotype on sperm production and semen quality in Bos indicus and Bos Taurus AI bulls in Brazil. Anim. Reprd. Sci., 70: 181-190.age bist Taurus AL bull in Brazil. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 70: 181-190.
Correa, J.R.; Pace, M.M. & Zavos, P.M. (1997). Relationships among frozen-thawed sperm characteristics accessed via the routine semen analysis, sperm functional tests and fertility of bulls in an artificial insemination program. Theriogenology, 48: 721-731.
Curry, M.R. & Watson, F.B. (1994). Osmotic effects on ram and human sperm membranes in relation to thawing injury. Cryobiology, 31: 39-46.
Dhami, A.J. & Sahni, K.L. (1993). Evaluation of different cooling rates, equilibration periods and diluents for effects on deep-freezing, enzyme leakage and fertility of taurine bull spermatozoa. Theriogenelogy, 40: 1269-1280.
Evans, G. & Maxwell, W.M.C. (1987). Salamon's Artificial Insemination of Sheep and Goat. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.: 209pp.
Hayashi, Y. & Isobe, N. (2005). Characteristics of cryopreserved spermatozoa from a Holstein-Friesian bull thawed at different temperature. J. Inter. Dev. Coop., 12(1): 107-110.
Ileri, I.K. & Ak, A. (1993). Straws according to the method and duration of melting of frozen bull sperm as ineritilmesinde spermatozoitlerin Effects on Motility and Acrosome Yap1lar1. Ludwing-Maximilians. Univ. Munich Faculty Vet. Med., Univ. Istanbul and Turkish-German Days of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, April 29-30-May1s the Communiqué (Turkish): 58-62.
Jondet, R. (1972). Survival rate and fertilizing ability of frozen bull spermatozoa following 8 and 1 min of exposure to glycerol. Proceed. 7th Int. Conf. Anim. Reprod. Artif. Insem., Munich 2: 280pp.
Ostashko, F.I. (1978). Deep freeze and longtime storage of Animal sperm Harvest House publishers, Karvest. Ukraine. 256pp.
Pace, M.M.; Sullivan, J.J.; Elliot, F.I.; Graham, E.F. & Coulter, G.H. (1981). Effects of thawing temperature, number of spermatozoa and spermatozoa quality on fertility of bovine spermatozoa packaged in 5 mL French straws. J. Anim. Sci., 35: 253-258.
Robbins, P.K.; Saacke, R.H. & Chandler, P.T. (1976). Influence of freeze rate, thaw rate and glycerol level on acrosomal retention and survival of bovine spermatozoa frozen on French straw. J. Anim. Sci., 42: 145-154.
Rodriguez, O.L.; Pace, M.M. & Zavos, P.M. (1975). Effect of rates of freezing, thawing and level of glycerol on the survival of bovine spermatozoa in straws. J. Anim. Sci., 41: 129-136.
Senger, P.L. (1980). Handling frozen bovine semen factors which influence viability and fertility. Theriogenology, 13: 51-62.
SPSS (1996). Statistical Packages of socizl Sciences. Version 10.
Thibier, M. & Wagner, H.G. (2002). World statistics for artificial insemination in cattle. Livestock Prod. Sci., 74: 203-215.
Vishwanath, R. & Shannon, P. (2000). Storage of bovine semen in liquid and frozen state. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 62: 23-53
Wiggin, H.B. & Almquist, J.O. (1975). Effect of glycerol equilibration time and thawing rate upon acrosomal maintenance and motility of bull spermatozoa frozen in plastic straws. J. Anim. Sci., 21(9): 302-305.