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Abstract
The study included the analysis of (341) samples from eight pedons cover most of the prevailing sub great soil groups in Iraq, which are (Typic Torrifluvents, Typic Torrients, Typic Gypsiorthids, Typic Calciorthids, Aquollic Salorthids, Typic Chromoxerects, Typic Xerrochrepts and Typic Calcixerects) to study the pedogenetic distribution of total and bioavailable content of the manganese, zinc, copper, and iron also its relationship with some soil properties. Results showed significant differences between the studied regions of total content of microelements, the bioavailability content also showed a significant deference between the studied regions. The physical and chemical soil properties clearly affected on their content of micronutrient and 77% of the studied samples were below the critical limit for zinc, but 65% of the studied samples were under the critical limit for iron. This refers to the response of the cultivated crops in such sub great soil groups to the addition of Zn and Fe fertilizers, also pedogenetic distribution of the content of these microelements showed a decrease with depth and compatible with the distribution of each of the separated clay and organic matter and decrease with the increase in the soil content of calcium carbonate.
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References
- Al-Agidi, W. K. )1986(. Pedology- soil survey and classification. The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. University of Baghdad, 286pp. (In Arabic).
- Al-Bayati, A. H. I. )1993(. The effect of some soil management practices in the growth and yield of maize. Ph. D. Thesis. College of Agriculture. University of Baghdad, 180p. (In Arabic).
- Amos, E. M., Robert, M., & Fergus, S., (2016). Variability of soil micronutrients concentration along the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Applied and Environmental soil Science, 2016 Article ID 9814316. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/aess/2016/9814316/
- Benjamin, L. T., & Laliberte, E. (2015). Soil development and nutrient availability along a 2 million-year coastal dune chronosequence under species-rich Mediterranean Shrubland in Southwestern Australia. Ecosystems, 18, 287–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-014-9830-0
- Bhaskar, B. P., Tiwari, G., & Prasad, J. (2017). Pedogenic influence on profile distribution of total and DTPA-extractable micronutrients in rice growing hydric soils of Majuli river island, Assam, India. Spanish Journal of Soil Science, 7, 59-85. https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N1.05
- Brady, N. C., (1974). The nature and properties of soils. 8th edition. 1071pp. https://www.amazon.com/Nature-Properties-Soils-8th/dp/B0006D800S .
- Chahal, D. S., Sharma B. D., & Singh, P. K. (2014(. Distribution of forms of Zinc and their association with soil properties and uptake in different soil orders in semi‐arid soils of Punjab, India. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. Taylor & Francis Publisher. London W1T3JH. 2873pp. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620500306031
- Chandragouda, G., Rudramurthy, H. V., & Rajesh, N. L. (2017). Fertility status of soil along the water course of selected distributory-14 of Shahapur branch canal of UKP command area in Yadgir district of Karnataka. Asian Journal of Soil Science, 12(1), 108-115.
- https://doi.org/10.15740/HAS/AJSS/12.1/108-115
- da Silva, R. C. F., da Silva, F. B. V., Biondi, C. M. , do Nascimento C. W. A., & de Oliveira, E. C. A. )2019(. Assessing the content of micronutrients in soils and sugarcane in different pedogeological contexts of northeastern Brazil. Rev Bras Cienc Solo: 43:e0180228. Division–Soil Use and Management. Commission-Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition. https://www.scielo.br/j/rbcs/a/78CkX4VrFqFnPzMGDhqzw3P/?lang=en
- Day, P. R. (1965). Particle Fractionation and Particle-Size Analysis. In C. A. Black D. D. Evans J. L. White L. E. Ensminger & F. E. Clark, et al. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis (pp. 545–567). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.1.c43
- Donald, C., Passey, B., & Swaby, R. ) 1952 (. Bioassay of available trace metals from Australian Soils. Australian Journal of Agriculture. Research. 3, 305-325. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9520305
- Donisa, C., Mocanu, R., & Steinnes, E. (2003(. Distribution of some major and minor elements between fulvic and humic acid fractions in natural Soils. Geoderma, 111(1-2), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00254-9
- Dregne, H. E. (1976). Soils of arid regions. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co.
- Hesse, P. R. (1971). A textbook of soil chemical analysis. London: J. Murray.
- Iñigo, V., Marín, A., Andrades, M., Jiménez-Ballesta, R., Iñigo, V., Marín, A., Andrades, M., & Jiménez-Ballesta, R. (2020). Evaluation of the copper and zinc contents of soils in the vineyards of La Rioja (Spain). Environments - MDPI, 7(8), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments7080055
- Jackson, M. L., (1958(. Soil Chemical analysis. Englewood cliffs, New Jersey. ED. Prentie-Hall. Inc., pp:854. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.19590850311
- Jarallah, R. S., & Al-mayaly, B. H. F. (2017). Effects of rivers slop and soil depth on total copper concentration in some of central provinces of Iraq. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 10(12), 57-62. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-1012025762
- Kingsley, J., O, A. E., Akpan-Idiok, A. U., & Effiom, O. D. (2019). Status and distribution of soil available micronutrients along a hillslope at Ekpri Ibami in Akamkpa Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 14(1), 40–45. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2016.13634
- Lindsay, W. L., & Norvell, W. A. (1978(. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Science Society America Journal, 42, (3) 421¬-428. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x
- Liu, Z., Huang, Y., Tan, F., Chen, W., & Ou, L. (2021). Effects of soil type on trace element absorption and fruit quality of pepper. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 698796. https://doi.org/: 10.3389/fpls.2021.698796
- Page, A. L., Millr, R. H., & Keeney, D. R. (1982). Methods of soil analysis part (2). Agronomy . 9.pp:1159. https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed
- Pegoraro, R. F., Silva, I. R., Novais, R. F., Mendonça, E. S., Gebrim, F. O., & Moreira, F. F. )2006(. Diffusive flux and bioavailability of micronutrients in soils: Influence of liming, soil texture and green manure. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 30(5):859-868 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832006000500012
- Richards, L. A. (Ed.). )1954(. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA.HB. No.60.pp:154
- Ross, M. W., Allaway, W. H., House, W. A., & Kubota, J., (1991). Geographic Distribution of Trace Element Problems. Book Series: SSSA Book Series. 991. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser4.2ed.c2
- Sharma, B. D., Rajinder, A. S., Saini, S., & Dhaliwal, S. S. )2011(. Distribution of different forms of Mn and their association with soil properties in arid zone soils of Punjab, India. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 57, 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340903222310
- Shukla, A. K., Behera, S. K., Singh, V. K., Prakash, C., Sachan, A. K., & Dhaliwal, S. S. (2020(. Premonsoon spatial distribution of available micronutrients and sulphur in surface soils and their management zones in Indian Indo-Gangetic Plain. PLoS ONE, 15, e0234053. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234053
- Shukla, A. K., Malik, R. S., Tiwari, P. K., Prakash, C., Behera, S. K., Yadav, H., & Narwal, R. P. )2015(. Status of micronutrient deficiencies in soils of haryana impact on crop productivity and human health. Indian Journal of Fertilisers,. 11, 16-27.
- Soil Survey Division Staff (2017). Soil survey manual. Pp: 84-139. In Ditzler, C., Scheffe, K. & Monger, H. C. (Eds.). USDA Handbook 18. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 603pp. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/ref/?cid=nrcs142p2_054262
- Soil Survey Staff (2006). Key to Soil taxonomy. 10th edition.
- Tucker, T. C., & Kurts, E. )1955(. A comparison of several chemical methods with the bioassay procedure for extracting Zinc from soils. Soil Science. American . Proceeding . 19, 477-481.
References
Al-Agidi, W. K. )1986(. Pedology- soil survey and classification. The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. University of Baghdad, 286pp. (In Arabic).
Al-Bayati, A. H. I. )1993(. The effect of some soil management practices in the growth and yield of maize. Ph. D. Thesis. College of Agriculture. University of Baghdad, 180p. (In Arabic).
Amos, E. M., Robert, M., & Fergus, S., (2016). Variability of soil micronutrients concentration along the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Applied and Environmental soil Science, 2016 Article ID 9814316. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/aess/2016/9814316/
Benjamin, L. T., & Laliberte, E. (2015). Soil development and nutrient availability along a 2 million-year coastal dune chronosequence under species-rich Mediterranean Shrubland in Southwestern Australia. Ecosystems, 18, 287–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-014-9830-0
Bhaskar, B. P., Tiwari, G., & Prasad, J. (2017). Pedogenic influence on profile distribution of total and DTPA-extractable micronutrients in rice growing hydric soils of Majuli river island, Assam, India. Spanish Journal of Soil Science, 7, 59-85. https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N1.05
Brady, N. C., (1974). The nature and properties of soils. 8th edition. 1071pp. https://www.amazon.com/Nature-Properties-Soils-8th/dp/B0006D800S .
Chahal, D. S., Sharma B. D., & Singh, P. K. (2014(. Distribution of forms of Zinc and their association with soil properties and uptake in different soil orders in semi‐arid soils of Punjab, India. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. Taylor & Francis Publisher. London W1T3JH. 2873pp. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620500306031
Chandragouda, G., Rudramurthy, H. V., & Rajesh, N. L. (2017). Fertility status of soil along the water course of selected distributory-14 of Shahapur branch canal of UKP command area in Yadgir district of Karnataka. Asian Journal of Soil Science, 12(1), 108-115.
https://doi.org/10.15740/HAS/AJSS/12.1/108-115
da Silva, R. C. F., da Silva, F. B. V., Biondi, C. M. , do Nascimento C. W. A., & de Oliveira, E. C. A. )2019(. Assessing the content of micronutrients in soils and sugarcane in different pedogeological contexts of northeastern Brazil. Rev Bras Cienc Solo: 43:e0180228. Division–Soil Use and Management. Commission-Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition. https://www.scielo.br/j/rbcs/a/78CkX4VrFqFnPzMGDhqzw3P/?lang=en
Day, P. R. (1965). Particle Fractionation and Particle-Size Analysis. In C. A. Black D. D. Evans J. L. White L. E. Ensminger & F. E. Clark, et al. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis (pp. 545–567). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.1.c43
Donald, C., Passey, B., & Swaby, R. ) 1952 (. Bioassay of available trace metals from Australian Soils. Australian Journal of Agriculture. Research. 3, 305-325. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9520305
Donisa, C., Mocanu, R., & Steinnes, E. (2003(. Distribution of some major and minor elements between fulvic and humic acid fractions in natural Soils. Geoderma, 111(1-2), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00254-9
Dregne, H. E. (1976). Soils of arid regions. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co.
Hesse, P. R. (1971). A textbook of soil chemical analysis. London: J. Murray.
Iñigo, V., Marín, A., Andrades, M., Jiménez-Ballesta, R., Iñigo, V., Marín, A., Andrades, M., & Jiménez-Ballesta, R. (2020). Evaluation of the copper and zinc contents of soils in the vineyards of La Rioja (Spain). Environments - MDPI, 7(8), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments7080055
Jackson, M. L., (1958(. Soil Chemical analysis. Englewood cliffs, New Jersey. ED. Prentie-Hall. Inc., pp:854. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.19590850311
Jarallah, R. S., & Al-mayaly, B. H. F. (2017). Effects of rivers slop and soil depth on total copper concentration in some of central provinces of Iraq. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 10(12), 57-62. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-1012025762
Kingsley, J., O, A. E., Akpan-Idiok, A. U., & Effiom, O. D. (2019). Status and distribution of soil available micronutrients along a hillslope at Ekpri Ibami in Akamkpa Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 14(1), 40–45. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2016.13634
Lindsay, W. L., & Norvell, W. A. (1978(. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Science Society America Journal, 42, (3) 421¬-428. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x
Liu, Z., Huang, Y., Tan, F., Chen, W., & Ou, L. (2021). Effects of soil type on trace element absorption and fruit quality of pepper. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 698796. https://doi.org/: 10.3389/fpls.2021.698796
Page, A. L., Millr, R. H., & Keeney, D. R. (1982). Methods of soil analysis part (2). Agronomy . 9.pp:1159. https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed
Pegoraro, R. F., Silva, I. R., Novais, R. F., Mendonça, E. S., Gebrim, F. O., & Moreira, F. F. )2006(. Diffusive flux and bioavailability of micronutrients in soils: Influence of liming, soil texture and green manure. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 30(5):859-868 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832006000500012
Richards, L. A. (Ed.). )1954(. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA.HB. No.60.pp:154
Ross, M. W., Allaway, W. H., House, W. A., & Kubota, J., (1991). Geographic Distribution of Trace Element Problems. Book Series: SSSA Book Series. 991. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser4.2ed.c2
Sharma, B. D., Rajinder, A. S., Saini, S., & Dhaliwal, S. S. )2011(. Distribution of different forms of Mn and their association with soil properties in arid zone soils of Punjab, India. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 57, 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340903222310
Shukla, A. K., Behera, S. K., Singh, V. K., Prakash, C., Sachan, A. K., & Dhaliwal, S. S. (2020(. Premonsoon spatial distribution of available micronutrients and sulphur in surface soils and their management zones in Indian Indo-Gangetic Plain. PLoS ONE, 15, e0234053. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234053
Shukla, A. K., Malik, R. S., Tiwari, P. K., Prakash, C., Behera, S. K., Yadav, H., & Narwal, R. P. )2015(. Status of micronutrient deficiencies in soils of haryana impact on crop productivity and human health. Indian Journal of Fertilisers,. 11, 16-27.
Soil Survey Division Staff (2017). Soil survey manual. Pp: 84-139. In Ditzler, C., Scheffe, K. & Monger, H. C. (Eds.). USDA Handbook 18. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 603pp. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/ref/?cid=nrcs142p2_054262
Soil Survey Staff (2006). Key to Soil taxonomy. 10th edition.
Tucker, T. C., & Kurts, E. )1955(. A comparison of several chemical methods with the bioassay procedure for extracting Zinc from soils. Soil Science. American . Proceeding . 19, 477-481.