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Abstract
The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of adding different levels of ginseng roots to the diet on some physiological characteristics of Japanese quail males. A total of 120 Japanese quail males aged one week were used in this study. The males were randomly distributed into four experimental treatments (n=30). Each treatment was replicated three times (10 individual each). Males were fed experimental diets that were formulated to contain the same components as the control diet which contained red ginseng roots powder at levels 250, 500 and 750 mg/ kg feed in other three experimental diets respectively. The results showed that the males of the fourth treatment recorded the lowest mean of the age of sexual puberty. While the highest average of sexual puberty age was recorded by the males of first treatment. On the other hand, the fourth treatment recorded the highest relative weight of testes compared with the other treatments at the age of 30 and 60 days. The results indicated that the males of the fourth treatment recorded highest Testosterone, FSH and LH levels compared with the other treatments at the age of 60 days. We can conclude from this study that the highest concentration of powder ginseng roots (750mg/kg feed) can promote the development of testes and increase testosterone, FSH and LH hormones in the serum of Japanese quail males.
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References
- Al-Salhie, K.C.K. (2012). Effect of In ovo injection of testosterone and estrogen hormones and vitamin C on some reproductive, physiological, behavioral and productive traits Of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica). Ph. D. Thesis. Coll. Agriculture, Univ. Basrah: 175pp.
- Al-Salhie, K.C.K. (2018). The effect of age on growth and development of the gonads pre- to post sexual maturity of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Kufa J. Agric. Sci.,10(3): 39-55.
- Al-Salhie, K.C.K.; Al-Hummod, S.K.M. & Abbas, R.J. (2017). Effect of Supplementation Different Levels of Vitamin E and Pumpkin Seed Oil to the Diet on Productive, Physiological and Reproductive Performance of Japanese Quail. Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 30(2): 50-58.
- Ao, X.; Zhou, T.X.; Kim, H. J.; Hong, S.M. & Kim, I.H. (2011). Influence of fermented Red Ginseng extract on broilers and laying hens. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 24: 993- 1000.
- Azazi, L.A.; Darwish, M.A.S.; Abd El-Hameid, E.R.; Habib, A.A. & Razik, J.S. (2011). Effect of dietary ginseng supplementation on productive and reproductive traits for Sinai layer strain. J. Product. Dev., 16(2): 287 - 305.
- Buettner, C.; Yeh, G.Y.; Phillips, R.S.; Mittleman, M.A. & Kaptchuk, T.J. (2006). Systematic review of the effects of ginseng on cardiovascular risk factors. Ann. Pharmacother., 40(1), 83-95.
- Choi, J.Y.; Woo, T.S. & Yoon, S.Y. (2011). Red ginseng supplementation more effectively alleviates psychological than physical fatigue. J. Ginseng Res, 35(3): 331.
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- Jang, H.D.; Kim, H.J.; Cho, J.H.; Chen, Y.J.;Yoo, J.S.; Min, B.J. & Kim, I.H. (2007).Effects of dietary supplementation of fermented wild-ginseng culture by- products on egg productivity, egg quality, blood characteristics and ginsenoside concentration of yolk in laying hens. Korean J. Poult. Sci., 34(4): 271-278.
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- Lee, D.H.; Cho, H.J.; Kim, H.H.; Rhee, M.H.;Ryu, J.H. & Park, H.J. (2013). Inhibitory effects of total saponin from Korean red ginseng via vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein-Ser157 phosphorylation on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. J. Ginseng Res., 37(2), 176-186.
- Park, J.; Song, H.; Kim, S.K.; Lee, M.S.;Rhee, D.K. & Lee, Y. (2017). Effects of ginseng on two main sex steroid hormone receptors: estrogen and androgen receptors. J. Ginseng Res, 41(2): 215-221.
- Quinn, Jr, M.J.; Summitt, C.L. & Ottinger,M.A. (2008). Consequences of in ovo exposure to p, p?-DDE on reproductive development and function in Japanese quail. Horm. Behav., 1: 249-253.
- Solakidi, S.; Psarra, A.M.; Nikolaropoulos, S. & Sekeris, C.E. (2005). Estrogen receptor alpha and beta (ER alpha and ERbeta) and androgen receptor (AR) in humansperm: localization of ERbeta and AR in mitochondria of the midpiece. Hum. Reprod., 20: 3481-3487.
- SPSS, (2009). Statistical Packages of Social Sciences. Version 18.
- Sturkie, P.D. (1986). Avian Physiology. 4th ed. Springer-Verlag. New York: 504pp.
- Wenk, C. (2000). Recent advances in animal feed additives such as metabolic modifiers, antimicrobial agents, probiotics, enzymes and highly available minerals. Review. Asian-Aus. J. Anim. Sci., 13(1): 86-95.
References
Al-Salhie, K.C.K. (2012). Effect of In ovo injection of testosterone and estrogen hormones and vitamin C on some reproductive, physiological, behavioral and productive traits Of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica). Ph. D. Thesis. Coll. Agriculture, Univ. Basrah: 175pp.
Al-Salhie, K.C.K. (2018). The effect of age on growth and development of the gonads pre- to post sexual maturity of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Kufa J. Agric. Sci.,10(3): 39-55.
Al-Salhie, K.C.K.; Al-Hummod, S.K.M. & Abbas, R.J. (2017). Effect of Supplementation Different Levels of Vitamin E and Pumpkin Seed Oil to the Diet on Productive, Physiological and Reproductive Performance of Japanese Quail. Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 30(2): 50-58.
Ao, X.; Zhou, T.X.; Kim, H. J.; Hong, S.M. & Kim, I.H. (2011). Influence of fermented Red Ginseng extract on broilers and laying hens. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 24: 993- 1000.
Azazi, L.A.; Darwish, M.A.S.; Abd El-Hameid, E.R.; Habib, A.A. & Razik, J.S. (2011). Effect of dietary ginseng supplementation on productive and reproductive traits for Sinai layer strain. J. Product. Dev., 16(2): 287 - 305.
Buettner, C.; Yeh, G.Y.; Phillips, R.S.; Mittleman, M.A. & Kaptchuk, T.J. (2006). Systematic review of the effects of ginseng on cardiovascular risk factors. Ann. Pharmacother., 40(1), 83-95.
Choi, J.Y.; Woo, T.S. & Yoon, S.Y. (2011). Red ginseng supplementation more effectively alleviates psychological than physical fatigue. J. Ginseng Res, 35(3): 331.
Hashemi, S.R. & Davoodi, H. (2010). Phytogenics as new class of feed additive in poultry industry. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 9(17): 2295-2304.
Hong, B.; Ji, Y.H.; Hong, J.H.; Nam, K.Y. & Ahn, T.Y. (2002). A double-blind crossover study evaluating the efficacy of Korean red ginseng in patients with erectile dysfunction: A preliminary report. J. Urol., 168(5): 2070-2073.
Jang, H.D.; Kim, H.J.; Cho, J.H.; Chen, Y.J.;Yoo, J.S.; Min, B.J. & Kim, I.H. (2007).Effects of dietary supplementation of fermented wild-ginseng culture by- products on egg productivity, egg quality, blood characteristics and ginsenoside concentration of yolk in laying hens. Korean J. Poult. Sci., 34(4): 271-278.
Kim, H.G.; Yoo, S.R.; Park, H.J.; Lee, N.H.;Shin, J.W.; Sathyanath, R.; Cho, J.H. & Son, C.G. (2011). Antioxidant effects of Panax ginseng C.A. meyer in healthy subjects: A randomized, placebo- controlled clinical trial. Food Chem. Toxicol., 49: 2229-2235.
Lee, D.H.; Cho, H.J.; Kim, H.H.; Rhee, M.H.;Ryu, J.H. & Park, H.J. (2013). Inhibitory effects of total saponin from Korean red ginseng via vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein-Ser157 phosphorylation on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. J. Ginseng Res., 37(2), 176-186.
Park, J.; Song, H.; Kim, S.K.; Lee, M.S.;Rhee, D.K. & Lee, Y. (2017). Effects of ginseng on two main sex steroid hormone receptors: estrogen and androgen receptors. J. Ginseng Res, 41(2): 215-221.
Quinn, Jr, M.J.; Summitt, C.L. & Ottinger,M.A. (2008). Consequences of in ovo exposure to p, p?-DDE on reproductive development and function in Japanese quail. Horm. Behav., 1: 249-253.
Solakidi, S.; Psarra, A.M.; Nikolaropoulos, S. & Sekeris, C.E. (2005). Estrogen receptor alpha and beta (ER alpha and ERbeta) and androgen receptor (AR) in humansperm: localization of ERbeta and AR in mitochondria of the midpiece. Hum. Reprod., 20: 3481-3487.
SPSS, (2009). Statistical Packages of Social Sciences. Version 18.
Sturkie, P.D. (1986). Avian Physiology. 4th ed. Springer-Verlag. New York: 504pp.
Wenk, C. (2000). Recent advances in animal feed additives such as metabolic modifiers, antimicrobial agents, probiotics, enzymes and highly available minerals. Review. Asian-Aus. J. Anim. Sci., 13(1): 86-95.