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Abstract
The study was carried out in the milking parlor of a dairy cattle farm consisting 500 animals from Holstein-Friesian breed in Bulgaria. The animals were housed in a freestall dairy barn and milked in double-8 milking parlor “herringbone” type. The level of noise was measured three times in every milking (at the beginning, in the middle and at the finishing of the milking) in the morning, midday and evening milking every month for one year. The noise level in the working environment was recorded by noise meter„ Lutron SL-4023SD. The highest noise levels were reported in summer and winter, with maximum values up to 78.3 dB. It was found that regardless of the season during the morning milking the lowest noise levels in the milking parlor were reported (from 70.37 to 70.46 dB). The average values for noise level for an 8-hour working day by seasons varied from 69.87 dB to 74.36 dB, with the highest reported value for the winter season.
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References
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- Brouček, J. (2014). Effects of noise on performance, stress, and behavior of animals: a review. Slovak Journal of Animal Science, 47(2), 111-123.
- Castelhano-Carlos, M.J., & Baumans, V. (2009). The impact of light, noise, cage cleaning and in-house transport on welfare and stress of laboratory rats. Laboratory Animals, 43, 311-327.
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- https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.17.1658
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- WHO. (1991) Report of the Informal Working Group of Deafness and Hearing Impairment Programme Planning. Geneva, World Health Organization.
- Wilkins, J. R., Engelhardt, H. L., Crawford, J. M., Mitchell, G. L., Eicher, L. C., Bean, T. L., & Jones, L. A. (1998). Self–reported noise exposures among Ohio cash grain farmers. Journal Agricultural Safety and Health special issue, 1, 79-88.
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- Žitňák, M., Lendelová, J., & Bureš, Ľ. (2011). Working environment of dairymen in summer time. In: Rural Buildings in European Regions, Architecture – Constructions – Technology – Safety. Nitra:, 165-172.
References
Baumgarten, W., (2005). [Unnecessary deficiencies in noise, light and climate in milking parlours]. Milchpur, 4, 29-33. (In German).
Beckett, W.S., Chamberlain, D., Hallman, E., May, J., Hwang, S.A., Gomez, M., Eberly, S., Cox, C., & Stark, A. (2000). Hearing conservation for farmers: Source apportionment of occupational and environmental factors contributing to hearing loss. In Agricultural Health in the New Century: Conference Abstracts, 139. April 28–30. Cooperstown, N.Y.: New York Center for Agricultural Medicine and Health.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-200008000-00008
Behrend, S. (2003). [Every third milking time is too loud!]. Top agrar, 9, R8-R11.(In German).
https://www.topagrar.com/rind/aus-dem-heft/jeder-dritte-melkstand-ist-zu-laut-9788793.html
Broste, S.K., Hansen, D.A., Strand, R.L., & Stueland, D.T. (1989). Hearing loss among high school farm students. American. Journal Public Health, 79(5), 619-622.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1349505/
Brouček, J. (2014). Effects of noise on performance, stress, and behavior of animals: a review. Slovak Journal of Animal Science, 47(2), 111-123.
Castelhano-Carlos, M.J., & Baumans, V. (2009). The impact of light, noise, cage cleaning and in-house transport on welfare and stress of laboratory rats. Laboratory Animals, 43, 311-327.
https://doi.org/10.1258/la.2009.0080098
Clark, W. W. & Bohne, B. A. (1999). Effects of noise on hearing. JAMA The Journal of the American Medical Association, 281(17), 1658-1659.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.17.1658
Crutchfield, C.D., & Sparks, S.T. (1991). Effects of noise and vibration on farm workers. Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, 6(3), 355-369.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1948524/
Depczynski, J., Franklin, R.C., Challinor, K., Williams, W., & Fragar, L.J. (2005). Farm noise emissions during common agricultural activities. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, 11(3), 325−334.
https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.18575
Dimov, D. (2017). [Noise level in semi open free-stall barns for dairy cows]. Agrobiological Science, 7(6), 45-51. (In Bulgarian).
EU Directive, (2003). Directive of the European Parliament and the Council Nr. 2003/10/EC from 6 February 2003 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (noise) (Seventeenth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
ISO (1990). Acoustics - Determination of occupational noise exposure and estimation of noise-induced hearing impairment. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization. Available at:
https://www.iso.org/standard/6759.html
Kauke, M. (2007). Measurements of noise, vibrations and leakage (Messungen von Larm, Vibrationen und Kriechstrom). Tanikoner Melketechniktagung. Melktechnologie der Zukunft; Das Zusammenwirken von Industrie, Beratung und Forschung. Forschungsanstalt Agroscope Reckenholz – Tanikon ART, Ettenhausen, 29–34.
https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=CH2008000106
May, J. J., Marvel, M., Regan, M., Marvel, L. H., & Pratt, D. S. (1990) Noise–induced hearing loss in randomly selected New York dairy farmers. American Journal Industrial Medicine, 18(3), 333-337. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700180315
McBride, D., Firth, H., & Herbison, G. (2003). Noise exposure and hearing loss in agriculture: a survey of farmers and farm workers in the southland region of New Zealand. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45(12), 1281-1288.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14665814/
Mihina, S., Kazimirova, V., & Copland, T.A. (2012) Technology for farm animal husbandry. Nitra, Slovak Agricultural University: 2012, 99.
Nosal, D., & Bilgery, E. (2004). Airborne noise, structure-borne sound (vibration) and vacuum stability of milking systems. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 49(5), 226-230.
https://doi.org/10.17221/4304-CJAS
Nosal, D., & Bilgery, E. (2002). [Noise and vibration in milking equipment]. AgrarForschung, 9(1), 4-7. (In German).
https://www.agrarforschungschweiz.ch/2002/01/laerm-und-vibrationen-in-melkanlagen/
Plakke, D. L., & Dare, E. (1992). Occupational hearing loss in farmers. Public Health Reports, 107(2), 188-192.
Psenka, M., Sistkova, M., Bartos, P., Mihina, S., Karandusovska, I., Filip, M., & Pavlik, I. (2016). Analysis of the noise exposure of milking parlour operators during working shift at different technological solutions. Mendelnet, 2016, 264-268.
Šistkovа, M., Psenka, M., Celjak, I., Bartos, P., Mihina, Š., & Pavlik, I. (2016). Noise emissions in milking parlours with various construction solutions. Acta Technologica Agriculturae 2, 49-51.
https://doi.org/10.1515/ata-2016-0011
Thelin, J. W., Josep, H. D. J., Davis, W. E., Boker, D. E., & Hosokewa, M. C. (1983). High–frequency hearing loss in male farmers of Missouri. Public Health Reports, 98(3), 268-273.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1424436/
Waynert, D. E., Stookey, J. M., Schwartzkopf-Genswein, J. M., Watts, C. S., & Waltz, C. S. (1999). Response of beef cattle to noise during handling. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 62, 27-42.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00211-1
WHO. (1991) Report of the Informal Working Group of Deafness and Hearing Impairment Programme Planning. Geneva, World Health Organization.
Wilkins, J. R., Engelhardt, H. L., Crawford, J. M., Mitchell, G. L., Eicher, L. C., Bean, T. L., & Jones, L. A. (1998). Self–reported noise exposures among Ohio cash grain farmers. Journal Agricultural Safety and Health special issue, 1, 79-88.
https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.15377
Žitňák, M., Lendelová, J., & Bureš, Ľ. (2011). Working environment of dairymen in summer time. In: Rural Buildings in European Regions, Architecture – Constructions – Technology – Safety. Nitra:, 165-172.