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Abstract
The study showed that the highest activation percentage of the insecticides (Spinosad, Emamectin and the mixture of the insecticides) were obtained when mixed with silica gel for the larvae grown on the corn (2.266, 1.255 and 1300 respectively), while the lowest activation percentage (Antagonism) was recorded for the mixture of each of the Spinosad and Emamectin separately with the gypsum of the larvae grown on the wheat giving 0.776 and 0.989, respectively. The highest of synergism percentage was for silica gel when mixed with each of Spinosad, Emamectin and the mixture of insecticide against the larvae which grown on corn reached 2.014, 1.178 and 1.256 respectively; the lowest of synergism percentage was for gypsum when mixed with the Spinosad and the insecticide mixture against larvae grown on the wheat, which reached 0.454 and 0.918 respectively, while the ratio was 0.841 for the Emamectin insecticide when mixed with the limestone against the larvae which grown on wheat. For the percentage of potentiation, the study showed that the treatment of larvae grown on wheat and corn which treated with a mixture (silica gel and Spinosad insecticide) gave the highest percentage of the potentiation of the pesticide reached 0.41 and 0.252 respectively, and the lowest potentiation percentage of larvae on wheat and maize was recorded for gypsum with the mixture of insecticides reaching 0.082 and 0.016 respectively.
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References
- Abbott, W.B. (1925). A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol., 18: 265-267.
- Akbar, W.; Lord, J.C.; Nechols, J.R. & Howard, R.W. (2004). Diatomaceous earth increases the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana against Tribolium castaneum larvae and increases conidia attachment. J. Econ. Entomol., 97(2): 273-280.
- Al-Mallah, N.M & Al-Jubouri, A.R. (2012). Practical applications in pesticides. Dar Al Ola Publ., Mosul: 537pp.
- Al-Mallah, N.M & Al-Sabaa, R.R (2005). Effect of the type of food host and some of the growth inhibitors in the rate of loss of food and the rate of increase of fig leaf and raisins. Tikrit Col. Pure Sci., 10 (1): 25-29.
- Arthur, F.H. (1996). Grain protectants: current status and prospects for the future J. Stored Prod. Res., 32: 293-302.
- Athanassiou, C.G. & Korunic, Z. (2007). Evaluation of two new diatomaceous earth formulations, enhanced with abamectin and bitterbarkomycin, against four stored-grain beetle species. J. Stored Prod. Res., 43 (4): 468-473.
- Athanassiou, C.G.; Kavallieratos, N.G. & Andris, N.S. (2004). Insecticidal effect of three diatomaceous earth formulations against adults of Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on oat, rye and triticale. J. Econ. Entomol., 97: 2160-2167.
- Athanassiou, C.G.; Kavallieratos, N.G.; Tsaganou, F.C.; Vayias, B.J.; Dimizas, C.B. & Buchelos, C.Th. (2003). Effect of grain type on the insecticidal efficacy of SilicoSec against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Crop Prot., 22: 1141-1147.
- Athanassiou, C.G.; Kavallieratos, N.G.; Economou, L.P.; Dimizas, C.B.; Vayias, B.J.; Tomanovic, S. & Milutinovic, M. (2005). Persistence and efficacy of three diatomaceous earth formulations against Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on wheat and barley. J Econ. Entomol., 98: 1404-1412.
- Chintzoglou, G.; Athanassiou, C.G. & Arthur, F.H. (2008). Insecticidal effect of spinosad dust, in combination with diatomaceous earth, against two stored-grain beetle species. J. Stored Prod. Res., 44: 347- 353.
- Copping, L.G., & Duke, S.O. (2007). Natural products that have been used commercially as crop protection agents. Pest Manag. Sci., 63(6): 524-554.
- Fang, L.; Subramanyam, B. & Arthur, F. H. (2002). Effectiveness of Spinosad on four classes of wheat against five stored product insects. J. Econ. Entomol., 95(3): 640-650.
- Finney, D.J. (1971). Probit analysis. 3rd ed. London, Cambridge Univ. Press: 333pp.
- Kavallieratos, N.G.; Athanassiou, C.G.; Paschalidou, F.G.; Andris, N.S. & Tomanovic, Z. (2005). Influence of grain type on the insecticidal efficacy of two diatomaceous earth formulations against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). Pest Manag. Sci., 61: 660-666.
- Korunic, Z. (1998). Diatomaceous earths, a group of natural insecticides. J Stored Prod. Res., 34: 87-97.
- Korunic, Z. & Rozman, V. (2010). A synergistic mixture of diatomaceous earth and deltamethrin to control stored grain insects. 10th Int. Working Conf. on Stored Product Protection. 27 June to 2 July 2010, Estoril, Portugal. Julius Kühn-Institut, Berlin, Germany.
- Mahmood, T.; Ahed, M.S. & Ahmeed, H. (1996). Dispersion of stored grain insect pests in a wheat fill Silo. Int. J. Pest Mang. 42: 321-324.
- Nayak, M.K.; Daglish, G.J. & Byrne, V.S. (2005). Effectiveness of spinosad as a grain protectant against resistant beetle and psocid pests of stored grain in Australia. J. Stored Prod. Res., 41: 455-467.
- Phillips, T.W. & Throne, J.E. (2010). Biorational approaches to managing Stored- product insects. Anim. Rev. Entomol., 55: 375-397.
- Salgado, V.L. (1997). The mode of action of spinosad and other insect control products. Down to Earth, 52(1): 35-43.
- Subramanyam, Bh. & Roesli, R. (2000). Inert dusts.. In: Subramanyam, B. & Hagstrum, D.W. (Eds.). Alternatives to pesticides in stored-product IPM. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordreecht, pp.321-380.
- Subramanyam, Bh., Toews, M.D. & Fang, L., (2003). Spinosad: an effective replacement for organophosphate grain protectants. Pp. 916–920. In: Credland, P.F.; Armitage, D.M.; Bell, C.H.; Cogan, P.M. & Highley, E. (Eds.). Proc. 8th Int. Working Conf. on Stored-Product Protection, 22-26 July 2002, York. CAB Int., Wallingford, Oxon.
- Subramanyam, Bh. (2006). Performance of spinosad as a stored grain protectant. Pp: 730–740. In: Lorini, I., Bacaltchuk, B., Beckel, H., Deckers, E., Sundfeld, E., dos Santos, J.P., Biagi, J.D., Celaro, J.C., Faroni, L.R.D’A., de Bortolini, L.O.F., Sartori, M.R., Elias, M.C., Guedes, R.N.C., da Fonseca, R.G., Scussel, V.M. (Eds.). Proc. 9th Int. Working Conf. on Stored-Product Protection, 15-18 October 2006, Campinas. ABRAPOS, Rodovia.
- Vayias, B.J.; Athanassiou, C.G.; Kavallieratos, N.G. & Buchelos C.T (2006). Susceptibility of different European populations of Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to five diatomaceous earth formulations. J. Econ. Entomol., 99: 1899-1904
- Vayias, B.J.; Athanassiou, C.G. & Buchelos, C.Th. (2009). Effectiveness of spinosad combined with diatomaceous earth against different European strains of Tribolium confusum du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrion- idae): Influence of commodity and temperature. J. Stored Prod. Res., 45: 165-176.
- Wakil, W.; Riasat, T. & Lord, J.C. (2013). Effects of combined thiamethoxam and diatomaceous earth on mortality and progeny production of four Pakistani populations of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) on wheat, rice and maize. J. Stored Prod. Res., 52. 28-35.
References
Abbott, W.B. (1925). A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol., 18: 265-267.
Akbar, W.; Lord, J.C.; Nechols, J.R. & Howard, R.W. (2004). Diatomaceous earth increases the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana against Tribolium castaneum larvae and increases conidia attachment. J. Econ. Entomol., 97(2): 273-280.
Al-Mallah, N.M & Al-Jubouri, A.R. (2012). Practical applications in pesticides. Dar Al Ola Publ., Mosul: 537pp.
Al-Mallah, N.M & Al-Sabaa, R.R (2005). Effect of the type of food host and some of the growth inhibitors in the rate of loss of food and the rate of increase of fig leaf and raisins. Tikrit Col. Pure Sci., 10 (1): 25-29.
Arthur, F.H. (1996). Grain protectants: current status and prospects for the future J. Stored Prod. Res., 32: 293-302.
Athanassiou, C.G. & Korunic, Z. (2007). Evaluation of two new diatomaceous earth formulations, enhanced with abamectin and bitterbarkomycin, against four stored-grain beetle species. J. Stored Prod. Res., 43 (4): 468-473.
Athanassiou, C.G.; Kavallieratos, N.G. & Andris, N.S. (2004). Insecticidal effect of three diatomaceous earth formulations against adults of Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on oat, rye and triticale. J. Econ. Entomol., 97: 2160-2167.
Athanassiou, C.G.; Kavallieratos, N.G.; Tsaganou, F.C.; Vayias, B.J.; Dimizas, C.B. & Buchelos, C.Th. (2003). Effect of grain type on the insecticidal efficacy of SilicoSec against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Crop Prot., 22: 1141-1147.
Athanassiou, C.G.; Kavallieratos, N.G.; Economou, L.P.; Dimizas, C.B.; Vayias, B.J.; Tomanovic, S. & Milutinovic, M. (2005). Persistence and efficacy of three diatomaceous earth formulations against Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on wheat and barley. J Econ. Entomol., 98: 1404-1412.
Chintzoglou, G.; Athanassiou, C.G. & Arthur, F.H. (2008). Insecticidal effect of spinosad dust, in combination with diatomaceous earth, against two stored-grain beetle species. J. Stored Prod. Res., 44: 347- 353.
Copping, L.G., & Duke, S.O. (2007). Natural products that have been used commercially as crop protection agents. Pest Manag. Sci., 63(6): 524-554.
Fang, L.; Subramanyam, B. & Arthur, F. H. (2002). Effectiveness of Spinosad on four classes of wheat against five stored product insects. J. Econ. Entomol., 95(3): 640-650.
Finney, D.J. (1971). Probit analysis. 3rd ed. London, Cambridge Univ. Press: 333pp.
Kavallieratos, N.G.; Athanassiou, C.G.; Paschalidou, F.G.; Andris, N.S. & Tomanovic, Z. (2005). Influence of grain type on the insecticidal efficacy of two diatomaceous earth formulations against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). Pest Manag. Sci., 61: 660-666.
Korunic, Z. (1998). Diatomaceous earths, a group of natural insecticides. J Stored Prod. Res., 34: 87-97.
Korunic, Z. & Rozman, V. (2010). A synergistic mixture of diatomaceous earth and deltamethrin to control stored grain insects. 10th Int. Working Conf. on Stored Product Protection. 27 June to 2 July 2010, Estoril, Portugal. Julius Kühn-Institut, Berlin, Germany.
Mahmood, T.; Ahed, M.S. & Ahmeed, H. (1996). Dispersion of stored grain insect pests in a wheat fill Silo. Int. J. Pest Mang. 42: 321-324.
Nayak, M.K.; Daglish, G.J. & Byrne, V.S. (2005). Effectiveness of spinosad as a grain protectant against resistant beetle and psocid pests of stored grain in Australia. J. Stored Prod. Res., 41: 455-467.
Phillips, T.W. & Throne, J.E. (2010). Biorational approaches to managing Stored- product insects. Anim. Rev. Entomol., 55: 375-397.
Salgado, V.L. (1997). The mode of action of spinosad and other insect control products. Down to Earth, 52(1): 35-43.
Subramanyam, Bh. & Roesli, R. (2000). Inert dusts.. In: Subramanyam, B. & Hagstrum, D.W. (Eds.). Alternatives to pesticides in stored-product IPM. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordreecht, pp.321-380.
Subramanyam, Bh., Toews, M.D. & Fang, L., (2003). Spinosad: an effective replacement for organophosphate grain protectants. Pp. 916–920. In: Credland, P.F.; Armitage, D.M.; Bell, C.H.; Cogan, P.M. & Highley, E. (Eds.). Proc. 8th Int. Working Conf. on Stored-Product Protection, 22-26 July 2002, York. CAB Int., Wallingford, Oxon.
Subramanyam, Bh. (2006). Performance of spinosad as a stored grain protectant. Pp: 730–740. In: Lorini, I., Bacaltchuk, B., Beckel, H., Deckers, E., Sundfeld, E., dos Santos, J.P., Biagi, J.D., Celaro, J.C., Faroni, L.R.D’A., de Bortolini, L.O.F., Sartori, M.R., Elias, M.C., Guedes, R.N.C., da Fonseca, R.G., Scussel, V.M. (Eds.). Proc. 9th Int. Working Conf. on Stored-Product Protection, 15-18 October 2006, Campinas. ABRAPOS, Rodovia.
Vayias, B.J.; Athanassiou, C.G.; Kavallieratos, N.G. & Buchelos C.T (2006). Susceptibility of different European populations of Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to five diatomaceous earth formulations. J. Econ. Entomol., 99: 1899-1904
Vayias, B.J.; Athanassiou, C.G. & Buchelos, C.Th. (2009). Effectiveness of spinosad combined with diatomaceous earth against different European strains of Tribolium confusum du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrion- idae): Influence of commodity and temperature. J. Stored Prod. Res., 45: 165-176.
Wakil, W.; Riasat, T. & Lord, J.C. (2013). Effects of combined thiamethoxam and diatomaceous earth on mortality and progeny production of four Pakistani populations of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) on wheat, rice and maize. J. Stored Prod. Res., 52. 28-35.