Main Article Content
Abstract
Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare the growth performance and feed efficiency of two groups, old (H1) and new (H2) of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. (97.37+0.33 g). Fishes of the H1 introduced to Iraq in 1982 and then their reproduction and farming began on a large scale, while fishes of the H2 was introduced to Iraq in 2009 by Inmaa Agricultural Enterprises Organization. H2 group indicated significantly (p<0.05) better performance in several studied parameters which included specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein productive value (PPV), total apparent digestibility and apparent digestibility of protein and carbohydrates. This group also recorded significant (p<0.05) lower feed satiation level and fat deposited in the body compared to the old group (H1). Results of the current experiment concluded that there is a clear higher efficiency of the group H2 in most studied growth and feed efficiency parameters, which indicates the possibility of obtaining higher productivity and better economic profits when used in farming activities.
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References
- Abdel-Tawwab, M. (2004). Comparative Growth Performance and Feed Utilization of Four Local Strains of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.), Collected from Different Locations in Egypt. 510-517. In: Bolivar, R.; Mair, G. & Fitzsimmons, K. (Eds.). The 6th Int. Symp. on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Manila, Philippines: 808pp.https://cals.arizona.edu/azaqua/ista/ista6/ista6web/pdf/510.pdf
- Abulhini, A.J.; Abbas, L.M. & Mohammed, S.D. (2013). The effects of starvation on growth for common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 26(2): 225-231. (In Arabic).https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=article&aId=112069
- Al-Abbadi, K.I. (2015). Artificial Propagation of Fish and Hatcheries Management. Min. High. Educ., Found. Tech. Educ.: 273pp. (In Arabic).
- Al-Dubakel, A.Y. & Al-Sanabani, M.A. (2010). Using vitamin C and sodium bentonite as food additives in the diets of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. Iraqi J. Aquac., 7(1): 43-62. (In Arabic). https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=article&aId=48327
- Al-Gypori, M.O.A. & Saleh, K.I. (2012). Evaluation of some productive and reproductive crossbreeding of two different lines of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Al-Qadisiyah J. Vet. Med. Sci., 11(3): 24-34. (junior author’s name misspelled Salihe, Kh. in the publication). (In Arabic).
- https://doi.org/10.29079/vol11iss3art218
- Al-Hamadany, Q.H. (2008). Growth rates of young Buni Barbus sharpeyi (Gunther, 1874) and common carp Cyprinus carpio L. under laboratory conditions. Iraqi J. Aquac., 5(2): 65-72. (In Arabic). https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=article&aId=47807
- Al-Hamed, M.I. (1967). Carp Culture in the Republic of Iraq. I/E-1. In Pillay, T.V.R. (Ed.). Proc. FAO World Symp. on Warm-water Pond Fish Culture, Rome, Italy, 18-25 May 1966, regional and country reports. Rome: 174pp. http://www.fao.org/3/61036T/61036T10.htm.
- Al-Refaiee, I.H.A.; Mutter, H.M. & Abdulrahman, N.M. (2016). The effect of replacing different levels of commercial dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) place animal protein concentrate in fingerlings fish common carp (Cyprinus carpio. Linnaeus 1758) diets. Al-Anbar J. Vet. Sci., 9(1): 85-96. (In Arabic). https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=article&aId=113222
- Amancio, A.L.L.; Neto, M.R.S.; Filho, J.J.; da Fonseca, S.B. & da Silva, J.H.V. (2019). Dietary protein requirements for tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) juvenile. Rev. Cienc. Agron., 50(2): 259-266. https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20190030
- Azawy, M.S. & Issa, A.A. (2019). Comparison of some somatic and reproductive characters for two brood stock of Cyprinus carpio L.. J. Univ. Babylon, Pure Appl. Sci., 27(1): 228-237. (In Arabic). https://www.journalofbabylon.com/index.php/JUBPAS/article/view/2116
- Cheng, Z.J. & Hardy, R.W. (2004). Nutritional value of diets containing distiller’s dried grain with solubles for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. App. Aquac., 15(3-4): 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1300/J028v15n03_08
- Delgado, C.L.; Wada, N.; Rosegrant, M.W.; Meijer, S. & Ahmed, M. (2003). Fish to 2020: Supply and Demand in Changing Global Markets. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington and WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. WorldFish Center Technical Report 62: 226pp. http://www.ifpri.org/publication/fish-2020
- Dempson, J.B.; Schwarz, C.J.; Shears, M. & Furey, G. (2004). Comparative proximate body composition of Atlantic salmon with emphasis on parr from fluvial and lacustrine habitats. J. Fish Biol., 64(5): 1257-1271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00389.x
- Eknath, A.E.; Tayamenb, M.M.; Palada-de Vera, M.S.; Dantingb, J.C.; Reyesb, R.A.; Dionisiob, E.E.; Capili, J.B.; Bolivaf, H.L.; Abella, T.A.; Circa, A.V.; Bentsend, H.B.; Gjerded, B.; Gjedremd, T. & Pullin, R.S.V. (1993). Genetic improvement of farmed tilapias: The growth performance of eight strains of Oreochromis niloticus tested in different farm environments. Aquaculture, 111(1-4): 171-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(93)90035-W
- Eriegha, O.J. & Ekokotu, P.A. (2017). Factors affecting feed intake in cultured fish species: A review. Anim. Res. Int., 14(2): 2697-2709.
- https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ari/article/view/186884
- Espinosa-Chaurand, D.; Aparicio-Simon, B.; Cortes-Sanchez, A.J.; Garza-Torres, R.; Garcia-Morales, R. & Maeda-Martinez, A.N. (2019). The productive assessment of two tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) commercial strains in Sinaloa Mexico. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 47(3): 440-448. https://doi.org/10.3856/vol47-issue3-fulltext-6
- FAO (2014). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014. Rome: 223pp. http://www.fao.org/resources/infographics/infographics-details/en/c/231544/
- Glencross, B.D.; Booth, M. & Allan, G.L. (2007). A feed is only as good as its ingredients - A review of ingredient evaluation strategies for aquaculture feeds. Aquac. Nutr., 13: 17-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00450.x
- Goran, S.M.A.; Omar, S.S. & Anwer, A.Y. (2016). Water quality and physiological parameters of common carp fingerling fed on Jerusalem artichoke tubers. Polytechnic, 6(3): 502-516. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=NilR3I4AAAAJ&hl=en
- Hassan, S.M.; Albassam, N.H. & Alhabeeb, F.M. (2017). Determination total digestibility coefficient and evacuation rate in commercial diets added some dried leaves of plants used in feed common carps Cyprinus carpio. Tikrit Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 17(3): 164-171. (In Arabic).
- https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=article&aId=129329
- Hepher, B. (1988). Nutrition of Pond Fishes. Cambridge Univ. Press: 388pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511735455
- Hussain, M.G. & Mazid, M.A. (2005). Carp Genetic Resources of Bengladesh. 16-25. In: Penman, D.J.; Gupta, M.V. & Dey, M.M. (Eds.). Carp Genetic Resources for Aquaculture in Asia. WorldFish Center Technical Report 65: 152pp. https://www.worldfishcenter.org/content/carp-genetic-resources-aquaculture-asia
- Ibrahim, N.A.; Abou Zaid, M.Y.; Khaw, H.L.; El-Naggar, G.O. & Ponzoni, R.W. (2013). Relative performance of two Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus) strains in Egypt: The Abbassa selection line and the Kafr El Sheikh commercial strain. Aquac. Res., 44: 508-517. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2012.03240.x
- Li, H.; Xu, W.; Jin, J.; Zhu, X.; Yang, Y.; Han, D.; Liu, H. & Xie, S. (2019). Effects of dietary carbohydrate and lipid concentrations on growth performance, feed utilization, glucose, and lipid metabolism in two strains of gibel carp. Front. Vet. Sci., 6: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00165
- Magnussen, E. (2007). Interpopulation comparison of growth patterns of 14 fish species on Faroe Bank: Are all fishes on the bank fast-growing?. J. Fish Biol., 71(2): 453-475. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01502.x
- Mohammad, M.A. & Al-Safo, R.C.M. (2013). Effect of adding some probiotics supplementation to performance common carp Cyprinus carpio L. in glass aquaria. 1- Growth and food utilization criteria. Mesopot. J. Agric., 41(2): 99-111. (In Arabic). https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=article&aId=81104
- Olvera-Novoa, M.A.; Martinez-Palacios, C.A. & Real De Leon, E. (1994). Nutrition of Fish and Crustaceans: A Laboratory Manual. FAO, Rome: 58pp. http://www.fao.org/3/ab479e/AB479E00.htm
- Ponzoni, R.W.; James, J.W.; Nguyen, N.H.; Mekkawy, W. & Khaw, H.L. (2013). Strain Comparisons in Aquaculture Species: A Manual. WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia. Manual: 2013-12: 31pp. https://www.worldfishcenter.org/content/strain-comparisons-aquaculture-species-manual-0
- Pradeepkiran, J.A. (2019). Aquaculture role in global food security with nutritional value: A review. Transl. Anim. Sci., 3(2): 903-910.
- https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz012
- Rasmussen, R.S. & Jokumsen, A. (2009). Digestibility in selected rainbow trout families and relation to growth and feed utilisation. Aquac. Int., 17(2): 187-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-008-9191-9
- Reddy, P.V.G.K.; Gjerde, B.; Tripathi, S.D.; Jana, R.K.; Mahapatra, K.D.; Gupta, S.D.; Saha, J.N.; Sahoo, M.; Lenka, S.; Govindassamy, P.; Rye, M. & Gjedrem, T. (2002). Growth and survival of six stocks of rohu (Labeo rohita, Hamilton) in mono and polyculture production systems. Aquaculture, 203(3-4): 239-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00540-3
- Salam, A.; Ali, M. & Masud, S. (2000). Effect of various food deprivation regimes on body composition dynamics of thaila, Catla catla. J. Res., Sci., 11(1): 26-32. https://www.bzu.edu.pk/jrscience/vol11no1/5.php
- Talbot, C. (1985). Laboratory Methods in Fish Feeding and Nutritional Studies. 125-154. In: Tytler, P. & Calow, P. (Eds.). Fish Energetics: New Perspectives. Springer, Dordrecht: 349pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7918-8_5
- Yigit, M.; Erdem, M.; Koshio, S.; Ergün, S.; Türker, A. & Karaali, B. (2006). Substituting fish meal with poultry by-product meal in diets for Black Sea turbot Psetta maeotica. Aquac. Nutr., 12(5): 340-347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2006.00409.x
References
Abdel-Tawwab, M. (2004). Comparative Growth Performance and Feed Utilization of Four Local Strains of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.), Collected from Different Locations in Egypt. 510-517. In: Bolivar, R.; Mair, G. & Fitzsimmons, K. (Eds.). The 6th Int. Symp. on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Manila, Philippines: 808pp.https://cals.arizona.edu/azaqua/ista/ista6/ista6web/pdf/510.pdf
Abulhini, A.J.; Abbas, L.M. & Mohammed, S.D. (2013). The effects of starvation on growth for common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 26(2): 225-231. (In Arabic).https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=article&aId=112069
Al-Abbadi, K.I. (2015). Artificial Propagation of Fish and Hatcheries Management. Min. High. Educ., Found. Tech. Educ.: 273pp. (In Arabic).
Al-Dubakel, A.Y. & Al-Sanabani, M.A. (2010). Using vitamin C and sodium bentonite as food additives in the diets of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. Iraqi J. Aquac., 7(1): 43-62. (In Arabic). https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=article&aId=48327
Al-Gypori, M.O.A. & Saleh, K.I. (2012). Evaluation of some productive and reproductive crossbreeding of two different lines of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Al-Qadisiyah J. Vet. Med. Sci., 11(3): 24-34. (junior author’s name misspelled Salihe, Kh. in the publication). (In Arabic).
https://doi.org/10.29079/vol11iss3art218
Al-Hamadany, Q.H. (2008). Growth rates of young Buni Barbus sharpeyi (Gunther, 1874) and common carp Cyprinus carpio L. under laboratory conditions. Iraqi J. Aquac., 5(2): 65-72. (In Arabic). https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=article&aId=47807
Al-Hamed, M.I. (1967). Carp Culture in the Republic of Iraq. I/E-1. In Pillay, T.V.R. (Ed.). Proc. FAO World Symp. on Warm-water Pond Fish Culture, Rome, Italy, 18-25 May 1966, regional and country reports. Rome: 174pp. http://www.fao.org/3/61036T/61036T10.htm.
Al-Refaiee, I.H.A.; Mutter, H.M. & Abdulrahman, N.M. (2016). The effect of replacing different levels of commercial dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) place animal protein concentrate in fingerlings fish common carp (Cyprinus carpio. Linnaeus 1758) diets. Al-Anbar J. Vet. Sci., 9(1): 85-96. (In Arabic). https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=article&aId=113222
Amancio, A.L.L.; Neto, M.R.S.; Filho, J.J.; da Fonseca, S.B. & da Silva, J.H.V. (2019). Dietary protein requirements for tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) juvenile. Rev. Cienc. Agron., 50(2): 259-266. https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20190030
Azawy, M.S. & Issa, A.A. (2019). Comparison of some somatic and reproductive characters for two brood stock of Cyprinus carpio L.. J. Univ. Babylon, Pure Appl. Sci., 27(1): 228-237. (In Arabic). https://www.journalofbabylon.com/index.php/JUBPAS/article/view/2116
Cheng, Z.J. & Hardy, R.W. (2004). Nutritional value of diets containing distiller’s dried grain with solubles for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. App. Aquac., 15(3-4): 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1300/J028v15n03_08
Delgado, C.L.; Wada, N.; Rosegrant, M.W.; Meijer, S. & Ahmed, M. (2003). Fish to 2020: Supply and Demand in Changing Global Markets. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington and WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. WorldFish Center Technical Report 62: 226pp. http://www.ifpri.org/publication/fish-2020
Dempson, J.B.; Schwarz, C.J.; Shears, M. & Furey, G. (2004). Comparative proximate body composition of Atlantic salmon with emphasis on parr from fluvial and lacustrine habitats. J. Fish Biol., 64(5): 1257-1271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00389.x
Eknath, A.E.; Tayamenb, M.M.; Palada-de Vera, M.S.; Dantingb, J.C.; Reyesb, R.A.; Dionisiob, E.E.; Capili, J.B.; Bolivaf, H.L.; Abella, T.A.; Circa, A.V.; Bentsend, H.B.; Gjerded, B.; Gjedremd, T. & Pullin, R.S.V. (1993). Genetic improvement of farmed tilapias: The growth performance of eight strains of Oreochromis niloticus tested in different farm environments. Aquaculture, 111(1-4): 171-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(93)90035-W
Eriegha, O.J. & Ekokotu, P.A. (2017). Factors affecting feed intake in cultured fish species: A review. Anim. Res. Int., 14(2): 2697-2709.
https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ari/article/view/186884
Espinosa-Chaurand, D.; Aparicio-Simon, B.; Cortes-Sanchez, A.J.; Garza-Torres, R.; Garcia-Morales, R. & Maeda-Martinez, A.N. (2019). The productive assessment of two tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) commercial strains in Sinaloa Mexico. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 47(3): 440-448. https://doi.org/10.3856/vol47-issue3-fulltext-6
FAO (2014). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014. Rome: 223pp. http://www.fao.org/resources/infographics/infographics-details/en/c/231544/
Glencross, B.D.; Booth, M. & Allan, G.L. (2007). A feed is only as good as its ingredients - A review of ingredient evaluation strategies for aquaculture feeds. Aquac. Nutr., 13: 17-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00450.x
Goran, S.M.A.; Omar, S.S. & Anwer, A.Y. (2016). Water quality and physiological parameters of common carp fingerling fed on Jerusalem artichoke tubers. Polytechnic, 6(3): 502-516. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=NilR3I4AAAAJ&hl=en
Hassan, S.M.; Albassam, N.H. & Alhabeeb, F.M. (2017). Determination total digestibility coefficient and evacuation rate in commercial diets added some dried leaves of plants used in feed common carps Cyprinus carpio. Tikrit Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 17(3): 164-171. (In Arabic).
https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=article&aId=129329
Hepher, B. (1988). Nutrition of Pond Fishes. Cambridge Univ. Press: 388pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511735455
Hussain, M.G. & Mazid, M.A. (2005). Carp Genetic Resources of Bengladesh. 16-25. In: Penman, D.J.; Gupta, M.V. & Dey, M.M. (Eds.). Carp Genetic Resources for Aquaculture in Asia. WorldFish Center Technical Report 65: 152pp. https://www.worldfishcenter.org/content/carp-genetic-resources-aquaculture-asia
Ibrahim, N.A.; Abou Zaid, M.Y.; Khaw, H.L.; El-Naggar, G.O. & Ponzoni, R.W. (2013). Relative performance of two Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus) strains in Egypt: The Abbassa selection line and the Kafr El Sheikh commercial strain. Aquac. Res., 44: 508-517. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2012.03240.x
Li, H.; Xu, W.; Jin, J.; Zhu, X.; Yang, Y.; Han, D.; Liu, H. & Xie, S. (2019). Effects of dietary carbohydrate and lipid concentrations on growth performance, feed utilization, glucose, and lipid metabolism in two strains of gibel carp. Front. Vet. Sci., 6: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00165
Magnussen, E. (2007). Interpopulation comparison of growth patterns of 14 fish species on Faroe Bank: Are all fishes on the bank fast-growing?. J. Fish Biol., 71(2): 453-475. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01502.x
Mohammad, M.A. & Al-Safo, R.C.M. (2013). Effect of adding some probiotics supplementation to performance common carp Cyprinus carpio L. in glass aquaria. 1- Growth and food utilization criteria. Mesopot. J. Agric., 41(2): 99-111. (In Arabic). https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=article&aId=81104
Olvera-Novoa, M.A.; Martinez-Palacios, C.A. & Real De Leon, E. (1994). Nutrition of Fish and Crustaceans: A Laboratory Manual. FAO, Rome: 58pp. http://www.fao.org/3/ab479e/AB479E00.htm
Ponzoni, R.W.; James, J.W.; Nguyen, N.H.; Mekkawy, W. & Khaw, H.L. (2013). Strain Comparisons in Aquaculture Species: A Manual. WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia. Manual: 2013-12: 31pp. https://www.worldfishcenter.org/content/strain-comparisons-aquaculture-species-manual-0
Pradeepkiran, J.A. (2019). Aquaculture role in global food security with nutritional value: A review. Transl. Anim. Sci., 3(2): 903-910.
https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz012
Rasmussen, R.S. & Jokumsen, A. (2009). Digestibility in selected rainbow trout families and relation to growth and feed utilisation. Aquac. Int., 17(2): 187-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-008-9191-9
Reddy, P.V.G.K.; Gjerde, B.; Tripathi, S.D.; Jana, R.K.; Mahapatra, K.D.; Gupta, S.D.; Saha, J.N.; Sahoo, M.; Lenka, S.; Govindassamy, P.; Rye, M. & Gjedrem, T. (2002). Growth and survival of six stocks of rohu (Labeo rohita, Hamilton) in mono and polyculture production systems. Aquaculture, 203(3-4): 239-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00540-3
Salam, A.; Ali, M. & Masud, S. (2000). Effect of various food deprivation regimes on body composition dynamics of thaila, Catla catla. J. Res., Sci., 11(1): 26-32. https://www.bzu.edu.pk/jrscience/vol11no1/5.php
Talbot, C. (1985). Laboratory Methods in Fish Feeding and Nutritional Studies. 125-154. In: Tytler, P. & Calow, P. (Eds.). Fish Energetics: New Perspectives. Springer, Dordrecht: 349pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7918-8_5
Yigit, M.; Erdem, M.; Koshio, S.; Ergün, S.; Türker, A. & Karaali, B. (2006). Substituting fish meal with poultry by-product meal in diets for Black Sea turbot Psetta maeotica. Aquac. Nutr., 12(5): 340-347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2006.00409.x