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Abstract
Soy protein with essential oil of lemon peel was used to produce a biodegradable film, which showed inhibition activity against some species of selected bacterial strains. The films were white cheese coating and studied for its biodegradation in the soil. The percentage of soy protein extract was 15% (W: W) while the percentage of lemon peel essential oil was 3% (V: W). The GC-MS result of lemon peel essential oil consisted of 38 compounds, of which the main compound is D-Limonene in 63.43%. The films produced showed inhibition activity against both Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria. Inhibition activity was highest against Staphylococcus aureus (22 mm zone), while E. coli O157: H7 had the lowest inhibition (18mm) when 0.1mL of essential oil with 10mL film mixed. The coating process of white cheese reduced the total microbial population (CFU/g) during 30 days of storage time. The TCB, TC, ST and MY of cheese coating were 4.28, 1.53, 1.62 and 1.33 log. CFU/g respectively after 30 days compared to the cheese non-coating samples, with 6.53, 2.51, 3.17 and 1.81 log. CFU/g, respectively. The biodegradation in soil was 97 and 72% for soy protein film and soy protein film with lemon peel essential oil after 35 days.
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References
- Al-Bayati, A.A.H. (2005). Preparation of edible and biodegradable films and coatings from wheat gluten and corn zain. Ph.D. Thesis. Coll. Agriculture, Univ.Baghdad. 128pp.
- Al-Sahlany, S.T.G. (2016). Effect of Mentha piperita essential oil against Vibrio spp. isolated from local cheeses. Pak. J. Food Sci., 26(2): 65-71.
- Bourtoom, T. (2009). Edible protein films:properties enhancement, International Food Research Journal, 16:1-9.
- Brandenburg, A.H.; Weller, C.L., & Testin,R.F. (1993). Edible films and coatings from soy protein. J. Food Sci., 58(5):1086-1089.
- Di Pierro, P.; Mariniello, L.; Sorrentino, A.;Villalonga, R.; Chico, B. & Porta R.(2010). Putrescine-polysaccharide conjugates as transglutaminase substrates and their possible use in producing crosslinked films. Amino Acids, 38: 669-675.
- Djenane, D. (2015). Chemical profile, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of algerian citrus essential oils and their application in Sardina pilchardus. Foods,4: 108-128.
- Espina, L.; Gelaw, T.K.; de Lamo-Castellvi,S.; Pagan, R. & Garci´a-Gonzalo, D.(2013). Mechanism of bacterial inactivation by (+) Limonene and its potential use in food preservation combined processes. PLoS One, 8(2): 1-10.
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- Harley, J.P. & Prescott, L.M. (2002).Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology. 5th ed., the McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.449pp.
- Iraqi standard specification (No.5/2270) (2006). Microbiological limits in food part 5 microbiological limits of milk and milk products. Ministry of Planning, Iraq.
- Kamal, G.M.; Anwar, F.; Hussain, A.I.; Sarri,N. & Ashraf, M.Y. (2011). Yield and chemical composition of Citrus essential oils as affected by drying pretreatment of peels. International Food Research Journal,18(4): 1275-1282.
- Kamaliroosta, L.; Zolfaghari, M.; Shafiee, S.;Larijani, K. & Zojaji, M. (2016). Chemical identifications of Citrus peels essential oils. Journal of Food Biosciences and Technology, 6(2): 69-76.
- Kavas, N. & Kavas, G. (2006). Physicalchemical and antimicrobial properties of Egg White Protein Powder films incorporated with orange essential oil on Kashar Cheese. Food Sci. Technol,Campinas, 36(4): 672-678.
- Nayak, P.; Sasmal, A.; Nanda1, P.K.; Nayak,P.L.; Kim, J. & Chang, Y-C. (2008).Preparation and characterization of edible films based on soy protein isolate-fatty acid blends. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 47: 466-472.
- Niamah, A.K. & Alali, H.A. (2016).Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oils extracted from Iraqi coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res., 7(2): 1511-1515.
- Palou, L.; Valencia-Chamorro, S.A. & Pérez-Gago, M.B. (2015). Antifungal edible coatings for fresh citrus fruit: A review.Coatings, 5: 962-986.Santos, C.D.; Santos, R.R.; Ventura, L.A.F.;Melo, N.R.; Costa, B.S.; Rojas, E.E.G. & Salgado, N.L. (2016). Antimicrobial activity studies and characterization of cellulose acetate films containing essential oils. Ital. J. Food Sci., 28: 248-257.
- Singh, J.; Kaur, L. & McCarthy, O.J. (2007).Factors influencing the physic chemical,morphological, thermal and rheological properties of some chemically modified starches for food applications: A review.Food Hydrocolloids, 21 (1): 1-22.
- Supardan, M.D.; Annisa, Y.; Arpi, N.Satriana, S. & Mustapha, W.A.W. (2016).Cassava starch edible film incorporated with lemongrass oil: characteristics and application. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 6(2): 216-220.
- von Vuuren, S.F. & Viljoen, A.M. (2007).Antimicrobial activity of limonene enantiomers and 1,8-cineole alone and in combination. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 52(6): 540-544.
- Xiang, L.; Tang, C.; Cao, J.; Wang, C.; Wang, K.; Zhang, Q. & Fu, Q. (2009). Preparation and characterization of soy protein isolate (SPI)/ montmorillonite (MMT) bionanocomposites. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 27(6): 843-849.
References
Al-Bayati, A.A.H. (2005). Preparation of edible and biodegradable films and coatings from wheat gluten and corn zain. Ph.D. Thesis. Coll. Agriculture, Univ.Baghdad. 128pp.
Al-Sahlany, S.T.G. (2016). Effect of Mentha piperita essential oil against Vibrio spp. isolated from local cheeses. Pak. J. Food Sci., 26(2): 65-71.
Bourtoom, T. (2009). Edible protein films:properties enhancement, International Food Research Journal, 16:1-9.
Brandenburg, A.H.; Weller, C.L., & Testin,R.F. (1993). Edible films and coatings from soy protein. J. Food Sci., 58(5):1086-1089.
Di Pierro, P.; Mariniello, L.; Sorrentino, A.;Villalonga, R.; Chico, B. & Porta R.(2010). Putrescine-polysaccharide conjugates as transglutaminase substrates and their possible use in producing crosslinked films. Amino Acids, 38: 669-675.
Djenane, D. (2015). Chemical profile, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of algerian citrus essential oils and their application in Sardina pilchardus. Foods,4: 108-128.
Espina, L.; Gelaw, T.K.; de Lamo-Castellvi,S.; Pagan, R. & Garci´a-Gonzalo, D.(2013). Mechanism of bacterial inactivation by (+) Limonene and its potential use in food preservation combined processes. PLoS One, 8(2): 1-10.
González, A.; Strumia, M.C. & Igarzabal,C.I.A. (2011). Cross-linked soy protein as material for biodegradable films:Synthesis, characterization, and biodegradation. J. Food Eng., 106: 331-338.
Güven E.Ö.; Demirbilek, M. Sa?lam, B.;Karahalilo?lu, Z.; Erdal, E.; Bayram, C. & Denkba?, E.B. (2008). Preparation and characterization of Polyhydroxybutyrate scaffolds to be used in tissue engineering applications. Hacettepe Journal of biologyand chemistry, 36(4): 305-311.
Harley, J.P. & Prescott, L.M. (2002).Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology. 5th ed., the McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.449pp.
Iraqi standard specification (No.5/2270) (2006). Microbiological limits in food part 5 microbiological limits of milk and milk products. Ministry of Planning, Iraq.
Kamal, G.M.; Anwar, F.; Hussain, A.I.; Sarri,N. & Ashraf, M.Y. (2011). Yield and chemical composition of Citrus essential oils as affected by drying pretreatment of peels. International Food Research Journal,18(4): 1275-1282.
Kamaliroosta, L.; Zolfaghari, M.; Shafiee, S.;Larijani, K. & Zojaji, M. (2016). Chemical identifications of Citrus peels essential oils. Journal of Food Biosciences and Technology, 6(2): 69-76.
Kavas, N. & Kavas, G. (2006). Physicalchemical and antimicrobial properties of Egg White Protein Powder films incorporated with orange essential oil on Kashar Cheese. Food Sci. Technol,Campinas, 36(4): 672-678.
Nayak, P.; Sasmal, A.; Nanda1, P.K.; Nayak,P.L.; Kim, J. & Chang, Y-C. (2008).Preparation and characterization of edible films based on soy protein isolate-fatty acid blends. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 47: 466-472.
Niamah, A.K. & Alali, H.A. (2016).Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oils extracted from Iraqi coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res., 7(2): 1511-1515.
Palou, L.; Valencia-Chamorro, S.A. & Pérez-Gago, M.B. (2015). Antifungal edible coatings for fresh citrus fruit: A review.Coatings, 5: 962-986.Santos, C.D.; Santos, R.R.; Ventura, L.A.F.;Melo, N.R.; Costa, B.S.; Rojas, E.E.G. & Salgado, N.L. (2016). Antimicrobial activity studies and characterization of cellulose acetate films containing essential oils. Ital. J. Food Sci., 28: 248-257.
Singh, J.; Kaur, L. & McCarthy, O.J. (2007).Factors influencing the physic chemical,morphological, thermal and rheological properties of some chemically modified starches for food applications: A review.Food Hydrocolloids, 21 (1): 1-22.
Supardan, M.D.; Annisa, Y.; Arpi, N.Satriana, S. & Mustapha, W.A.W. (2016).Cassava starch edible film incorporated with lemongrass oil: characteristics and application. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 6(2): 216-220.
von Vuuren, S.F. & Viljoen, A.M. (2007).Antimicrobial activity of limonene enantiomers and 1,8-cineole alone and in combination. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 52(6): 540-544.
Xiang, L.; Tang, C.; Cao, J.; Wang, C.; Wang, K.; Zhang, Q. & Fu, Q. (2009). Preparation and characterization of soy protein isolate (SPI)/ montmorillonite (MMT) bionanocomposites. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, 27(6): 843-849.