Main Article Content
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of Amino acid Methionine and Lysine on the reproductive performance of male Awassi sheep. Twenty Awassi males aged range 10-12 months and average weight 32± 0.5kg were used in this study, during the period from May to August 2022. The animals were randomly divided into four equal groups. The first group was the control group (T1). In this group, sheep were fed on standard diet without any additive. The second treated group (T2) were fed on standard diet supplemented with coated Methionine (1.5g/sheep/day). The third treated group (T3) were fed on standard diet supplemented with coated Lysine (2.5g/sheep/day). The fourth treated group (T4) were fed on standard diet supplemented with coated Methionine and Lysine at the same doses used in T2 and T3 .The results showed that there was a significant improvement (P≤0.05) in sperm characteristics of T4 as compared to other groups. T4 also showed the highest testosterone levels as compared with the other groups.T4group also showed a well development in the seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells as compared withT1.T4 showed the best histological testicular architecture especially Sertoli cells as compared with T1,T2andT3. It was concluded from this study that coated Methionine and Lysine might improve semen characteristics, testosterone levels and male reproductive performance in Awassi male.
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References
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- https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.366690
- Alahmar, A. T. (2019). Role of oxidative stress in male infertility: An updated review. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 12, 4–18.
- https://doi org/10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_150_18
- Alkhashab, A. T., Al- Hassan, F. H., Al-Dabbagh, S. F., Kassim, H. W., & Abd Albaki, T. M. (2021). Effect of protected methionine supplementation on body weight, testicular parameters, semen characteristics and testosterone hormone of awassi ram lambs. Plant Archives, 21(1), 1238-1242.
- Al-Khawaja, A.K., Al-Bayati, I.A., & Abdul-Ahad, S. (1978). Chemical composition and nutritional value of Iraqi feed materials. Third Edition. Department of Nutrition - Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. The Republic of Iraq.(In Arabic).
- AOAC International (2016) Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements AOAC Official Methods of Analysis. Appendix F, 1-18.
- https://www.aoac.org/resources/guidelines-for-standard-method-performance-requirements/
- Ashton, W. S., Degnan, B. M., Danie, I. A., & Francis, G. L. (1995). Testosterone increases insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 25(5), 381-388.
- Collin, F. (2019). Chemical basis of reactive oxygen species reactivity and involvement in neurodegenerative diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(10), 2407.
- https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102407
- Creasy, D. M. (2002). Histopathology of the Male Reproductive System I: Techniques. Current Protocols in Toxicology, 3rdEd:1-18.
- https://doi.org/10.1002/0471140856.tx1603s12
- Culling, C. F. A. (1974). Handbook of histopathological and histological techniques. 3rd ed., Butterworks-Heinemann. London, 271pp.
- Cupp, A. S., & Skinner, M. K. (2001). Expression, action, and regulation of transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor during embryonic and perinatal rat testis. Journal of Andrology, 22(6), 1019-1029.
- https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.2001.tb03443.x
- Dong, H-J., Wu, D., Xu, S.-Y., Li, Q., Fang, Z.-F., Che, L.-Q., Wu, C.-M., Xu, X.-Y., & Lin, Y. (2016). Effect of dietary supplementation with amino acids on boar sperm quality and fertility. Animal Reproduction Science, 172, 182-189.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.08.003
- Donkin, S. S., Varga, G. A., Sweeney, T. F., & Muller, L. D. (1989). Rumen-protected methionine and lysine: effects on animal performance, milk protein yield, and physiological measures. Journal of Dairy Science, 72(6), 1484-1491.
- https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79258-4
- Duncan, D. (1955). Multiple Ranges and Multiple F-test. Biometrics, 11, 1- 24.
- El-Sharawy, M. E., Salam, A.A., Ibrah, M. A. R., & El-Shamaa, I. S. (2012). Impacts of zinc methionine and zinc oxide on enzymes and quality of ram semen. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 15(1), 58-66.
- Ezzat, W. A. A., Hanan, S. M., & Fathey, I. A. (2019). Effect of propolis and zinc methionine supplementation on improvement of productive, reproductive and immunity performance of local insash strain under Egyptian summer condition. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal, 39(1), 253-273.
- https://doi.org/10.21608/epsj.2019.29841
- Gilbreath, K. R., Bazer, F. W., Satterfield, M. C., & Wu, G. (2021). Amino acid nutrition and reproductive performance in ruminants. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1285, 43-61.
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_4
- Hacham, Y., Song, L., Schuster, G., & Amir, R. (2007). Lysine enhances methionine content by modulating the expression of S-adenosylmethionine synthase. The Plant Journal: for Cell and Molecular Biology, 51(5), 850-861.
- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03184.x
- Hafez, B., & Hafez, E. S. E. (2000). Reproduction in Farm Animals. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Wiley Online Library.
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119265306
- Hong, J. D., De, W., Sheng, Y. X., Qiang, L., Zheng, F. F., Lian, Q. C., Cai, M. W., Xue, Y. X., & Yan, L. (2016). Effect of dietary supplementation with amino acids on boar sperm quality and fertility. Animal Reproduction Science, 172, 181-189
- https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.08.003
- Huang, Y. L., Zhang, P. F., Hou, Z., Fu, Q., Li, M. X., Huang, D. L., Deng, T. X., Lu, Y. Q., Liang, X. W., & Zhang, M. (2020). Ubiquitome analysis reveals the involvement of lysine ubiquitination in the spermatogenesis process of adult buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) testis. Bioscience Reports, 40(6), BSR20193537.
- https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20193537
- Kwasek, K., Dabrowski, K., Nynca, J., Wojno, M., & Wick, M. (2014). The influence of dietary Lysine on yellow perch maturation and the quality of sperm. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 76(2), 119-126.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2013.856826
- Lahnsteiner, F. (2010). A comparative study on the composition and importance of free amino acids in semen of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, and perch, Perca fluviatilis. Fish physiology and biochemistry, 36(4), 1297–1305.
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-010-9442-3
- Mavrommatis, A., Mitsiopoulou, C., Christodoulou, C., Kariampa, P., Simoni, M., Righi, F., & Tsiplakou, E. (2021). Effects of supplementing rumen-protected methionine and lysine on milk performance and oxidative status of dairy ewes. Antioxidants, 10(5), 654.
- https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050654
- Mirzoyan, A. V., Nebesikhina, N. A., & Voynova, N. V. (2006). Preliminary results on ascorbic acid and lysine suppression of clastogenic effect of deep-frozen sperm of the Russian sturgeon. International Journal of Refrigeration, 29(3), 374-378.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2005.07.008
- Mohany, N., Totti, A., Naylor, K. R., & Janovjak H. (2021). Microbial methionine transporters and biotechnological applications. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 105(10), 3919-3929.
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11307-w
- Nizza, A., Di Meo, C., & Taranto, S. (2000). Effect of lysine and methionine on libido and semen characteristics of bucks. World Rabbit Science, 8(4), 181-184.
- https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2000.437
- Petersen, P. M. (1999). Stereologica methods as efficient and unbiased tools to quantitate structures in the testis.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 25, 31–33.
- http:/www.jstor.org/stable/40966972
- Petersen, P. M., Seierøe, K., & Pakkenberg, B. (2015). Thetotal number of leydig and sertoli cells in the testes of men across various age groups-astereological study. Journal of Anatomy, 226(2), 175-9.
- https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12261
- Ritagliati, C., Luque, G. M., Stival, C., Baro Graf, C., Buffone M. G., & Krapf, D. (2018). Lysine acetylation modulates mouse sperm capacitation. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 13334.
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31557-5
- SAS. (2001). SAS/ STAT Users Guide for Personal Computers. SAS Institute. Inc. Cary, N.C.
- Schwab, C. G., Whitehouse, N. L., McLaughlin, A. M., Kadariya, R. K. P., Stpierre, N. R., Sloan, B. K., Gill, R. M., & Robert, J. C. (2001). Use of milk protein concentrations to estimate the methionine bioavailability of two forms of 2 -hydroxyl-4 methylthio butanoic acid (HMB) for lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 84(1), 35. (Abstr.)
- Shamiah, Sh., Abd El-Karim, R. E., Eshera, A. A. M., Fouda, S. F., & Zaghloul, H. A. (2017). Effect of dietary selenomethionine supplementation on semen quality, fertility and antioxidant status of cockerels. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 20(2), 227-236.
- https://ejnf.journals.ekb.eg/article_104119.html
- Sun, G., Jiang, M., Zhou, T., Guo, Y., Cui, Y., Guo, X., & Sha, J. (2014). Insights into the lysine acetylproteome of human sperm. Journal of Proteomics, 109, 199-211.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2014.07.002
- Szczykutowicz, J., Kałuża, A., Kaźmierowska-Niemczuk, M., & Ferens Sieczkowska, M. (2019). The potential role of seminal plasma in the fertilization outcomes. BioMed Research International, ID 5397804, 10pp
- https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5397804
- Ugur, M. R., Dinh, T., Hitit, M., Kaya, A., Topper, E., Didion, B., & Memili, E. (2020). Amino Acids of Seminal Plasma Associated with Freeze ability of Bull Sperm. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 7, 347. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2019.00347
- Wei, H., Zhao, X., Xia, M., Tan, C., Gao, J., Htoo, J. K., Xu, C., & Peng, J. (2019). Different dietary methionine to lysine ratios in the lactation diet: effects on the performance of sows and their offspring and methionine metabolism in lactating sows. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 10, 76.
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-019-0373-2
- Wu, G. (2010). Functional amino acids in growth, reproduction, and health. Advances in Nutrition, 1(1), 31–37.
- https://doi.org/10.3945/an.110.1008
- Wu, G., Bazer, F. W., Dai, Z., Li, D., Wang, J., & Wu, Z. (2014). Amino acid nutrition in animals: protein synthesis and beyond. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, 2, 387–417.
- https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114113
- Xia, M., Peng, J., Cui, C., Gu, Q., Zhou, L., Wang, C., Sun, H., Peng, J., & Wei, H. (2021). Effect of gestation dietary methionine-to-lysine ratio on methionine metabolism and antioxidant ability of high-prolific sows. Animal Nutrition, 7(3), 849-858.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.02.006
- Younis, F. E., & Abd-Elazem, R. A. (2019). Effect of supplementation of rumen-protected amino acids to barki sheep on some blood parameters. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB), 4(5), 2456-1878.
- https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.45.40
- Zhai, W., Peeples, E. D., Wang, X., Gerard, P. D., Olanrewaju, H. A., & Mercler, Y. (2016). Effect of dietary lysine and methionine supplementation on Ross 708 male broilers from 21 to 42 day of age (III): serum metabolites, hormones and their relationship with growth performance. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 25(2), 223-231.
- https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfw004
- Zhang, W., Cui, H., Ding K., Zhou, K., Li, Y., Hoque, S.A.M, Min, L., & Zhu, Z. (2023). Carboxylated ε-poly-l-lysine improves post-thaw quality, mitochondrial functions and antioxidant defense of goat cryopreserved sperm. Biology, 12, 231.
- https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12020231
- Zoca, S. M., Northrop-Albrecht, E. J., Walker, J. A., Cushman, R. A., & Perry, G. A. (2022). Proteomic analyses identify differences between bovine epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa that contribute to longevity. Theriogenology, 184, 51-60.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.02.021
References
Aitken, R. J., Whiting, S., De Iuliis, G. N., McClymont, S., Mitchell, L. A., & Baker, M. A. (2012). Electrophilic aldehydes generated by spermmetabolism activate mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis by targeting succinate dehydrogenase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 287, 33048-33060.
https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.366690
Alahmar, A. T. (2019). Role of oxidative stress in male infertility: An updated review. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 12, 4–18.
https://doi org/10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_150_18
Alkhashab, A. T., Al- Hassan, F. H., Al-Dabbagh, S. F., Kassim, H. W., & Abd Albaki, T. M. (2021). Effect of protected methionine supplementation on body weight, testicular parameters, semen characteristics and testosterone hormone of awassi ram lambs. Plant Archives, 21(1), 1238-1242.
Al-Khawaja, A.K., Al-Bayati, I.A., & Abdul-Ahad, S. (1978). Chemical composition and nutritional value of Iraqi feed materials. Third Edition. Department of Nutrition - Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. The Republic of Iraq.(In Arabic).
AOAC International (2016) Guidelines for Standard Method Performance Requirements AOAC Official Methods of Analysis. Appendix F, 1-18.
https://www.aoac.org/resources/guidelines-for-standard-method-performance-requirements/
Ashton, W. S., Degnan, B. M., Danie, I. A., & Francis, G. L. (1995). Testosterone increases insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 25(5), 381-388.
Collin, F. (2019). Chemical basis of reactive oxygen species reactivity and involvement in neurodegenerative diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(10), 2407.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102407
Creasy, D. M. (2002). Histopathology of the Male Reproductive System I: Techniques. Current Protocols in Toxicology, 3rdEd:1-18.
https://doi.org/10.1002/0471140856.tx1603s12
Culling, C. F. A. (1974). Handbook of histopathological and histological techniques. 3rd ed., Butterworks-Heinemann. London, 271pp.
Cupp, A. S., & Skinner, M. K. (2001). Expression, action, and regulation of transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor during embryonic and perinatal rat testis. Journal of Andrology, 22(6), 1019-1029.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.2001.tb03443.x
Dong, H-J., Wu, D., Xu, S.-Y., Li, Q., Fang, Z.-F., Che, L.-Q., Wu, C.-M., Xu, X.-Y., & Lin, Y. (2016). Effect of dietary supplementation with amino acids on boar sperm quality and fertility. Animal Reproduction Science, 172, 182-189.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.08.003
Donkin, S. S., Varga, G. A., Sweeney, T. F., & Muller, L. D. (1989). Rumen-protected methionine and lysine: effects on animal performance, milk protein yield, and physiological measures. Journal of Dairy Science, 72(6), 1484-1491.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79258-4
Duncan, D. (1955). Multiple Ranges and Multiple F-test. Biometrics, 11, 1- 24.
El-Sharawy, M. E., Salam, A.A., Ibrah, M. A. R., & El-Shamaa, I. S. (2012). Impacts of zinc methionine and zinc oxide on enzymes and quality of ram semen. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 15(1), 58-66.
Ezzat, W. A. A., Hanan, S. M., & Fathey, I. A. (2019). Effect of propolis and zinc methionine supplementation on improvement of productive, reproductive and immunity performance of local insash strain under Egyptian summer condition. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal, 39(1), 253-273.
https://doi.org/10.21608/epsj.2019.29841
Gilbreath, K. R., Bazer, F. W., Satterfield, M. C., & Wu, G. (2021). Amino acid nutrition and reproductive performance in ruminants. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1285, 43-61.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_4
Hacham, Y., Song, L., Schuster, G., & Amir, R. (2007). Lysine enhances methionine content by modulating the expression of S-adenosylmethionine synthase. The Plant Journal: for Cell and Molecular Biology, 51(5), 850-861.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03184.x
Hafez, B., & Hafez, E. S. E. (2000). Reproduction in Farm Animals. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Wiley Online Library.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119265306
Hong, J. D., De, W., Sheng, Y. X., Qiang, L., Zheng, F. F., Lian, Q. C., Cai, M. W., Xue, Y. X., & Yan, L. (2016). Effect of dietary supplementation with amino acids on boar sperm quality and fertility. Animal Reproduction Science, 172, 181-189
https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.08.003
Huang, Y. L., Zhang, P. F., Hou, Z., Fu, Q., Li, M. X., Huang, D. L., Deng, T. X., Lu, Y. Q., Liang, X. W., & Zhang, M. (2020). Ubiquitome analysis reveals the involvement of lysine ubiquitination in the spermatogenesis process of adult buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) testis. Bioscience Reports, 40(6), BSR20193537.
https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20193537
Kwasek, K., Dabrowski, K., Nynca, J., Wojno, M., & Wick, M. (2014). The influence of dietary Lysine on yellow perch maturation and the quality of sperm. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 76(2), 119-126.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2013.856826
Lahnsteiner, F. (2010). A comparative study on the composition and importance of free amino acids in semen of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, and perch, Perca fluviatilis. Fish physiology and biochemistry, 36(4), 1297–1305.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-010-9442-3
Mavrommatis, A., Mitsiopoulou, C., Christodoulou, C., Kariampa, P., Simoni, M., Righi, F., & Tsiplakou, E. (2021). Effects of supplementing rumen-protected methionine and lysine on milk performance and oxidative status of dairy ewes. Antioxidants, 10(5), 654.
https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050654
Mirzoyan, A. V., Nebesikhina, N. A., & Voynova, N. V. (2006). Preliminary results on ascorbic acid and lysine suppression of clastogenic effect of deep-frozen sperm of the Russian sturgeon. International Journal of Refrigeration, 29(3), 374-378.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2005.07.008
Mohany, N., Totti, A., Naylor, K. R., & Janovjak H. (2021). Microbial methionine transporters and biotechnological applications. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 105(10), 3919-3929.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11307-w
Nizza, A., Di Meo, C., & Taranto, S. (2000). Effect of lysine and methionine on libido and semen characteristics of bucks. World Rabbit Science, 8(4), 181-184.
https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2000.437
Petersen, P. M. (1999). Stereologica methods as efficient and unbiased tools to quantitate structures in the testis.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 25, 31–33.
http:/www.jstor.org/stable/40966972
Petersen, P. M., Seierøe, K., & Pakkenberg, B. (2015). Thetotal number of leydig and sertoli cells in the testes of men across various age groups-astereological study. Journal of Anatomy, 226(2), 175-9.
https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12261
Ritagliati, C., Luque, G. M., Stival, C., Baro Graf, C., Buffone M. G., & Krapf, D. (2018). Lysine acetylation modulates mouse sperm capacitation. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 13334.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31557-5
SAS. (2001). SAS/ STAT Users Guide for Personal Computers. SAS Institute. Inc. Cary, N.C.
Schwab, C. G., Whitehouse, N. L., McLaughlin, A. M., Kadariya, R. K. P., Stpierre, N. R., Sloan, B. K., Gill, R. M., & Robert, J. C. (2001). Use of milk protein concentrations to estimate the methionine bioavailability of two forms of 2 -hydroxyl-4 methylthio butanoic acid (HMB) for lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 84(1), 35. (Abstr.)
Shamiah, Sh., Abd El-Karim, R. E., Eshera, A. A. M., Fouda, S. F., & Zaghloul, H. A. (2017). Effect of dietary selenomethionine supplementation on semen quality, fertility and antioxidant status of cockerels. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 20(2), 227-236.
https://ejnf.journals.ekb.eg/article_104119.html
Sun, G., Jiang, M., Zhou, T., Guo, Y., Cui, Y., Guo, X., & Sha, J. (2014). Insights into the lysine acetylproteome of human sperm. Journal of Proteomics, 109, 199-211.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2014.07.002
Szczykutowicz, J., Kałuża, A., Kaźmierowska-Niemczuk, M., & Ferens Sieczkowska, M. (2019). The potential role of seminal plasma in the fertilization outcomes. BioMed Research International, ID 5397804, 10pp
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5397804
Ugur, M. R., Dinh, T., Hitit, M., Kaya, A., Topper, E., Didion, B., & Memili, E. (2020). Amino Acids of Seminal Plasma Associated with Freeze ability of Bull Sperm. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 7, 347. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2019.00347
Wei, H., Zhao, X., Xia, M., Tan, C., Gao, J., Htoo, J. K., Xu, C., & Peng, J. (2019). Different dietary methionine to lysine ratios in the lactation diet: effects on the performance of sows and their offspring and methionine metabolism in lactating sows. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 10, 76.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-019-0373-2
Wu, G. (2010). Functional amino acids in growth, reproduction, and health. Advances in Nutrition, 1(1), 31–37.
https://doi.org/10.3945/an.110.1008
Wu, G., Bazer, F. W., Dai, Z., Li, D., Wang, J., & Wu, Z. (2014). Amino acid nutrition in animals: protein synthesis and beyond. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, 2, 387–417.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114113
Xia, M., Peng, J., Cui, C., Gu, Q., Zhou, L., Wang, C., Sun, H., Peng, J., & Wei, H. (2021). Effect of gestation dietary methionine-to-lysine ratio on methionine metabolism and antioxidant ability of high-prolific sows. Animal Nutrition, 7(3), 849-858.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.02.006
Younis, F. E., & Abd-Elazem, R. A. (2019). Effect of supplementation of rumen-protected amino acids to barki sheep on some blood parameters. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB), 4(5), 2456-1878.
https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.45.40
Zhai, W., Peeples, E. D., Wang, X., Gerard, P. D., Olanrewaju, H. A., & Mercler, Y. (2016). Effect of dietary lysine and methionine supplementation on Ross 708 male broilers from 21 to 42 day of age (III): serum metabolites, hormones and their relationship with growth performance. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 25(2), 223-231.
https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfw004
Zhang, W., Cui, H., Ding K., Zhou, K., Li, Y., Hoque, S.A.M, Min, L., & Zhu, Z. (2023). Carboxylated ε-poly-l-lysine improves post-thaw quality, mitochondrial functions and antioxidant defense of goat cryopreserved sperm. Biology, 12, 231.
https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12020231
Zoca, S. M., Northrop-Albrecht, E. J., Walker, J. A., Cushman, R. A., & Perry, G. A. (2022). Proteomic analyses identify differences between bovine epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa that contribute to longevity. Theriogenology, 184, 51-60.