Main Article Content
Abstract
Local black goat are raised for the purpose of milk production. The goal of the current study was to identify the growth hormone gene's single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPS). Additionally, the effect of the GH gene SNP on the milk qualities of Iraqi black goat was evaluated. DNA was extracted from blood samples of 28 goat. A segment with a length of 330 bp in the third intron and the fourth exon of the GH gene was analyzed. Bioinformatics software was used to analyze the results. The results showed the presence of three genotypes (TT, TC, CC) at position 263 of the studied plot with a frequency of 0.36, 0.21, and 0.43, respectively. The local breed was characterized by a decrease in observed heterozygosity (21.43%). However, the expected heterozygosity was 50.65%. Low heterozygosity may indicate the presence of inbreeding within the same herd. Haplotypes network revealed a genetic relationship between the local Iraqi goat and the Egyptian goat. As well as the existence of a genetic relationship at a lower level with the Indian goats. From Tajima's D test and Fu's Fs (1.547 and 1.428), the results led to a rise in inbreeding. In milk production, energy, and the amounts of protein. The analysis of the data using bioinformatics tools predicted the effects of identified the genotypes in which the amino acid was not altered, and this is where the mutation was found. There is a relationship between the genetic polymorphism of the growth hormone gene and the production of milk and its components. The CC genotype was superior in milk production, energy, and the amounts of protein and fat over the TC and CC combinations.
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References
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- https://journals.ajsrp.com/index.php/jaevs/article/view/3809
- Al-Qasimi, R. H., Hassan, A. F., & Khudair, B. Y. (2019). Effect of IGF-1 and GH genes polymorphism on weights and body measurements of Awassi lambs in different ages. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(1), 39-46.
- https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2019.125
- Al-Salihi, A., Al-Saadi, B., & Al-Anbari, N. (2017). Genotypes relationship of Growth hormone gene polymorphism with some productive and reproductive trait in Awassi sheep. Journal of Biotechnology Research Center, 11(2). (In Arabic)
- https://doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2017.11.2.516
- Al-Shuhaib, M. B. S. (2019). A comprehensive in silico prediction of the most deleterious missense variants in the bovine LEP gene. Journal of Biotechnology, Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology. 100(4C), 429–439.
- https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2019.90244
- Al-Shuhaib, M. B. S., Al-Thuwaini, T. M., Fadhil, I. A., & Aljubouri, T. R. S. (2019). GHRL gene-based genotyping of ovine and caprine breeds reveals highly polymorphic intronic sequences in Awassi sheep with several RNA motifs. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 17(3), 1-8.
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s43141-019-0004-5
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- https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/13/3/494/1057318
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- https://ijas.rasht.iau.ir/article_544783.html
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- https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2019.199
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- https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1989.10869514
- Kojima, M., Hosoda, H., Date, Y., Nakazato, M., Matsuo, H., & Kangawa, K. (1999). Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature, 402, 6762, 656-660.
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- https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v44i4.58934
- Lewontin, R. C. (1974). The genetic basis of evolutionary change. Columbia University Press, New York, 346pp.
- https://doi.org/10.1086/288688
- Lukes, A., Barnes, M., & Pearson, R. (1989). Response to selection for milk yield and metabolic challenges in primiparous dairy cows. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 6(4), 287-298.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/0739-7240(89)90023-4
- Malveiro, E., Pereira, M., Marques, P., Santos, I., Belo, C., Renaville, R., & Cravador, A. (2001). Polymorphisms at the five exons of the growth hormone gene in the algarvia goat: possible association with milk traits. Small Ruminant Research, 41(2), 163-170.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(01)00198-5
- Marques, P., Pereira, M., Marques, M., Santos, I., Belo, C., Renaville, R., & Cravador, A. (2003). Association of milk traits with SSCP polymorphisms at the growth hormone gene in the Serrana goat. Small Ruminant Research, 50(1-2), 177-185.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(03)00104-4
- Moneva, C. S. O., Vega, R. S., Sangel, P. P., Angeles, A. A., & Mendioro, M. S. (2020). Genetic variability in the growth hormone gene (A781G) and its association with milk yield performance in crossbred anglo-nubian dairy goats. Philippine Journal of Science, 149(3).
- https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/journal-articles/508/
- Mousavizadeh, A., Mohammad Abadi, M., Torabi, A., Nassiry, M. R., Ghiasi, H., & AliEsmailizadeh Koshkoieh, A. (2009). Genetic polymorphism at the growth hormone locus in Iranian Talli goats by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, 7(1), 51-53.
- https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7064.html
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- https://doi.org/10.22092/ari.2022.359888.2499
- Paetkau, D., Calvert, W., Stirling, I., & Strobeck, C. (1995). Microsatellite analysis of population structure in Canadian polar bears. Molecular Ecology, 4(3), 347-354.
- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1995.tb00227.x
- Pollott, G., & Gootwine, E. (2004). Reproductive performance and milk production of Assaf sheep in an intensive management system. Journal of dairy science, 87(11), 3690-3703.
- https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73508-0
- Ruzina, M., Shtyfurko, T., Mohammadabadi, M., Gendzhieva, O., Tsedev, T., & Sulimova, G. (2010). Polymorphism of the BoLA-DRB3 gene in the Mongolian, Kalmyk, and Yakut cattle breeds. Russian Journal of Genetics, 46, 456-463.
- https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795410040113
- Schlee, P., Graml, R., Schallenberger, E., Schams, D., Rottmann, O., Olbrich-Bludau, A., & Pirchner, F. (1994). Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I concentrations in bulls of various growth hormone genotypes. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 88, 497-500.
- https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00223667
- Singh, P., Tomar, S., Thakur, M., & Kumar, A. (2015). Polymorphism and association of growth hormone gene with growth traits in Sirohi and Barbari breeds of goat. Veterinary World, 8(3), 382–387. Abstract Aim: The aim was to study the polymorphism of exon, 2.
- https://doi.org/10.14202%2Fvetworld.2015.382-387
- SPSS (2019) IBM Statistics 26 step by step. 16th Edition. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429056765
- Tajima, F. (1989). Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics, 123(3), 585-595.
- https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/123.3.585
- Todaro, M., Scatassa, M. L. & Giaccone, P. (2005). Multivariate factor analysis of Girgentana goat milk composition. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 4(4), 403-410.
- https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2005.403
- Valinsky, A., Shani, M., & Gootwine, E. (1990). Restriction fragment length polymorphism in sheep at the growth hormone locus is the result of variation in gene number. Animal Biotechnology, 1(2), 135-144.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/10495399009525736
- Yamano, Y., Oyabayashi, K., Okuno, M., Yato, M., Kioka, N., Manabe, E., Hashi, H., Sakai, H., Komano, T., & Utsumi, K. (1988). Cloning and sequencing of cDNA that encodes goat growth hormone. FEBS letters, 228(2), 301-304.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80020-6
- Yardibi, H., Hosturk, G. T., Paya, I., Kaygisiz, F., Ciftioglu, G., Mengi, A., & Oztabak, K. (2009). Associations of growth hormone gene polymorphisms with milk production traits in South Anatolian and East Anatolian Red cattle. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8(5), 1040-1044.
- https://medwelljournals.com/abstract/?doi=javaa.2009.1040.1044
- Yousif, A. N., & Mohammed, A. (2022). Genetic diversity of Iraqi local goat breeds by RAPD DNA markers. Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan, 16(4), 127-131.
- https://doi.org/10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v16i4.28579
- Yousif, A. N., Mohammed A. K., Mahmmud B. M., & Juma F. T. (2011). Effect of parturition and lactation on some haematological and biochemical characteristics in Mountain Black goat. Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences, 2(1):57-65.
- https://kujas.uokirkuk.edu.iq/article_33395.html
References
Al-Hassnawi, I. A. S., & Ayied, A. Y. (2022a). Detection of genetic diversity of local Iraqi black goats by using Cytochrome b gene. NeuroQuantology|, 20(8), 7626-7634.
Al-Hassnawi, I. A. S., & Ayied, A. Y. (2022b). Detection of genetic diversity of local Iraqi black goats by using D-loop Region. NeuroQuantology, 20(8), 7642-7651.
Al-Hubaety, A. K., & Al-Juwari, M. F. (2021). The effect of milking methods on milk production and its components and the relationship between milk components and biochemical characteristics of blood in Awassi sheep. Journal of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, 5(2), 15-27.
https://journals.ajsrp.com/index.php/jaevs/article/view/3809
Al-Qasimi, R. H., Hassan, A. F., & Khudair, B. Y. (2019). Effect of IGF-1 and GH genes polymorphism on weights and body measurements of Awassi lambs in different ages. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(1), 39-46.
https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2019.125
Al-Salihi, A., Al-Saadi, B., & Al-Anbari, N. (2017). Genotypes relationship of Growth hormone gene polymorphism with some productive and reproductive trait in Awassi sheep. Journal of Biotechnology Research Center, 11(2). (In Arabic)
https://doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2017.11.2.516
Al-Shuhaib, M. B. S. (2019). A comprehensive in silico prediction of the most deleterious missense variants in the bovine LEP gene. Journal of Biotechnology, Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology. 100(4C), 429–439.
https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2019.90244
Al-Shuhaib, M. B. S., Al-Thuwaini, T. M., Fadhil, I. A., & Aljubouri, T. R. S. (2019). GHRL gene-based genotyping of ovine and caprine breeds reveals highly polymorphic intronic sequences in Awassi sheep with several RNA motifs. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 17(3), 1-8.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s43141-019-0004-5
Aris-Brosou, S., & Excoffier, L. (1996). The impact of population expansion and mutation rate heterogeneity on DNA sequence polymorphism. Molecular biology and evolution, 13(3), 494-504.
https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/13/3/494/1057318
Bekele, R., Taye, M., Abebe, G., & Meseret, S. (2023). Genomic regions and candidate genes associated with milk production traits in Holstein and its crossbred cattle: A review. International Journal of Genomics, 2023, 1-18.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8497453
Falaki, M., Prandi, A., Corradini, C., Sneyers, M., Gengler, N., Massart, S., Fazzini, U., Burny, A., Portetelle, D., & Renaville, R. (1997). Relationships of growth hormone gene and milk protein polymorphisms to milk production traits in Simmental cattle. Journal of Dairy Research, 64(1), 47-56.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022029996001872
Fu, Y.-X. (1997). Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection. Genetics, 147(2), 915-925.
https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.2.915
Gholamhoseinzadeh Gooki, F., Mohammadabadi, M., & Asadi Fozi, M. (2018). Polymorphism of the growth hormone gene and its effect on production and reproduction traits in goat. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 8(4), 653-659.
https://ijas.rasht.iau.ir/article_544783.html
Hall, M. B. (2023). Invited review: Corrected milk: Reconsideration of common equations and milk energy estimates. Journal of dairy science.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-22219
Hill, W. G. & Mackay, T. F. C (2004). D. S. Falconer and Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, Genetics, 167(4),1529-1536.
http://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/167.4.1529
Jaffar, A. A., Hassan, A. F., & Kassim, W. Y. (2019). Effect of pou1f1 gene haplotypes on eights and milk production of awassi sheep. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(2), 85-94.
https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2019.199
Kimura, M., & Crow, J. F. (1964). The number of alleles that can be maintained in a finite population. Genetics, 49(4), 725.
https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/49.4.725
Kioka, N., Manabe, E., Abe, M., Hashi, H., Yato, M., Okuno, M., Yamano, Y., Sakai, H., Komano, T., & Utsumi, K. (1989). Cloning and sequencing of goat growth hormone gene. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 53(6), 1583-1587.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1989.10869514
Kojima, M., Hosoda, H., Date, Y., Nakazato, M., Matsuo, H., & Kangawa, K. (1999). Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature, 402, 6762, 656-660.
Kunda, R. M., Volkandari, S. D., Rumanta, M., & Kakisina, P. (2020). Polymorphism of growth hormone (GH) gene in lakor goat from Lakor Island of Southwest Maluku regency. Buletin Peternakan, 44(4), 233-238.
https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v44i4.58934
Lewontin, R. C. (1974). The genetic basis of evolutionary change. Columbia University Press, New York, 346pp.
https://doi.org/10.1086/288688
Lukes, A., Barnes, M., & Pearson, R. (1989). Response to selection for milk yield and metabolic challenges in primiparous dairy cows. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 6(4), 287-298.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0739-7240(89)90023-4
Malveiro, E., Pereira, M., Marques, P., Santos, I., Belo, C., Renaville, R., & Cravador, A. (2001). Polymorphisms at the five exons of the growth hormone gene in the algarvia goat: possible association with milk traits. Small Ruminant Research, 41(2), 163-170.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(01)00198-5
Marques, P., Pereira, M., Marques, M., Santos, I., Belo, C., Renaville, R., & Cravador, A. (2003). Association of milk traits with SSCP polymorphisms at the growth hormone gene in the Serrana goat. Small Ruminant Research, 50(1-2), 177-185.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(03)00104-4
Moneva, C. S. O., Vega, R. S., Sangel, P. P., Angeles, A. A., & Mendioro, M. S. (2020). Genetic variability in the growth hormone gene (A781G) and its association with milk yield performance in crossbred anglo-nubian dairy goats. Philippine Journal of Science, 149(3).
https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/journal-articles/508/
Mousavizadeh, A., Mohammad Abadi, M., Torabi, A., Nassiry, M. R., Ghiasi, H., & AliEsmailizadeh Koshkoieh, A. (2009). Genetic polymorphism at the growth hormone locus in Iranian Talli goats by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, 7(1), 51-53.
https://www.ijbiotech.com/article_7064.html
Nguyen, V. D., Nguyen, C. O., Chau, T. M. L., Nguyen, D. Q. D., Han, A. T., & Le, T. T. H.. (2023). Goat production, supply chains, challenges, and opportunities for development in Vietnam: A Review. Animals, 13(15), 2546.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152546
Owaid, J. M., Yousief, M., Abdulrda, A., & Ayied, A. (2023). Study of local black Iraqi goats genotypes for the cytb gene. Archives of Razi Institut, 78(3), 915-921.
https://doi.org/10.22092/ari.2022.359888.2499
Paetkau, D., Calvert, W., Stirling, I., & Strobeck, C. (1995). Microsatellite analysis of population structure in Canadian polar bears. Molecular Ecology, 4(3), 347-354.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1995.tb00227.x
Pollott, G., & Gootwine, E. (2004). Reproductive performance and milk production of Assaf sheep in an intensive management system. Journal of dairy science, 87(11), 3690-3703.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73508-0
Ruzina, M., Shtyfurko, T., Mohammadabadi, M., Gendzhieva, O., Tsedev, T., & Sulimova, G. (2010). Polymorphism of the BoLA-DRB3 gene in the Mongolian, Kalmyk, and Yakut cattle breeds. Russian Journal of Genetics, 46, 456-463.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795410040113
Schlee, P., Graml, R., Schallenberger, E., Schams, D., Rottmann, O., Olbrich-Bludau, A., & Pirchner, F. (1994). Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I concentrations in bulls of various growth hormone genotypes. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 88, 497-500.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00223667
Singh, P., Tomar, S., Thakur, M., & Kumar, A. (2015). Polymorphism and association of growth hormone gene with growth traits in Sirohi and Barbari breeds of goat. Veterinary World, 8(3), 382–387. Abstract Aim: The aim was to study the polymorphism of exon, 2.
https://doi.org/10.14202%2Fvetworld.2015.382-387
SPSS (2019) IBM Statistics 26 step by step. 16th Edition. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429056765
Tajima, F. (1989). Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics, 123(3), 585-595.
https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/123.3.585
Todaro, M., Scatassa, M. L. & Giaccone, P. (2005). Multivariate factor analysis of Girgentana goat milk composition. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 4(4), 403-410.
https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2005.403
Valinsky, A., Shani, M., & Gootwine, E. (1990). Restriction fragment length polymorphism in sheep at the growth hormone locus is the result of variation in gene number. Animal Biotechnology, 1(2), 135-144.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10495399009525736
Yamano, Y., Oyabayashi, K., Okuno, M., Yato, M., Kioka, N., Manabe, E., Hashi, H., Sakai, H., Komano, T., & Utsumi, K. (1988). Cloning and sequencing of cDNA that encodes goat growth hormone. FEBS letters, 228(2), 301-304.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80020-6
Yardibi, H., Hosturk, G. T., Paya, I., Kaygisiz, F., Ciftioglu, G., Mengi, A., & Oztabak, K. (2009). Associations of growth hormone gene polymorphisms with milk production traits in South Anatolian and East Anatolian Red cattle. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8(5), 1040-1044.
https://medwelljournals.com/abstract/?doi=javaa.2009.1040.1044
Yousif, A. N., & Mohammed, A. (2022). Genetic diversity of Iraqi local goat breeds by RAPD DNA markers. Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan, 16(4), 127-131.
https://doi.org/10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v16i4.28579
Yousif, A. N., Mohammed A. K., Mahmmud B. M., & Juma F. T. (2011). Effect of parturition and lactation on some haematological and biochemical characteristics in Mountain Black goat. Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences, 2(1):57-65.