Main Article Content
Abstract
A plant factory has been developed at Horticultural Research Centre, MARDI Serdang. The cultivation approach under the plant factory consists of nine units planting racks with each rack having seven tiers or levels that can cultivate up to 900 crops per rack. Each unit of planting racks has been installed with electrical conductivity (EC) and pH monitoring system. EC is a meaningful indicator of water quality, soil salinity and fertilizer concentration. In this study, the data for EC and temperature were taken for each level different locations (three points along the rack) to evaluate the fertilizer quality distribution. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of EC and temperature distribution on the planting rack of vertical farming system under the plant factory. From the study, it was found that EC and temperature parameters were not significantly different at each level and the point location of the vertical farming system. EC and temperature parameters were significantly different with the time (week) and point location from week to week. The effect of the interaction between time (week) and level on EC and temperature parameters were not statistically different. Therefore, it can be concluded that the effect of EC and temperature distribution at different levels of the vertical farming system did not depend on the time.
Keywords
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
- Amado, T. M., Valenzuela, I. C., & Orillo, J. W. F. (2016). Horticulture of lettuce (Lactuva sativa L.) using red and blue LED with pulse lighting treatment and temperature control in snap hydroponics setup. Jurnal Teknologi, 78, 67-71. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.8804
- Baek, M. S., Kwon, S. Y., & Lim, J. H. (2016). Improvement of the crop growth rate in plant factory by promoting air flow inside the cultivation. International Journal of Smart Home, 10, 63-74. https://doi.org/10.14257/ijsh.2016.10.2.07
- Benke, K., & Tomkins, B. (2017). Future food-production systems: Vertical farming and controlled-environment agriculture. Sustainability: Science, Practice, and Policy, 13, 13-26. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15487733.2017.1394054
- Chen, W. T., Yeh, Y. H. F., Liu, T. Y., & Lin, T. Te. (2016). An automated and continuous plant weight measurement system for plant factory. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00392
- Engelen-Eigles, G., Holden, G., Cohen, J. D., & Gardner, G. (2006). The effect of temperature, photoperiod, and light quality on gluconasturtiin concentration in watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 328-334. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf051857o
- Gorbe, E., & Calatayud, Á. (2010). Optimization of Nutrition in Soilless Systems: A Review. Advances in Botanical Research, 53, 193-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2296(10)53006-4
- Hasegawa, Y., Yamanaka, G., Ando, K., & Uchida, H.(2014). Ambient temperature effects on evaluation of plant physiological activity using plant bioelectric potential. Sensors and Materials, 26, 461-470. https://doi.org/10.18494/SAM.2014.1008
- Haydon, M. J., Román, Á., & Arshad, W. (2015). Nutrient homeostasis within the plant circadian network. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00299
- Kalantari, F., Tahir, O. M., Lahijani, A. M., & Kalantari, S. (2017). A review of vertical farming technology: A guide for implementation of building integrated agriculture in cities. Advanced Engineering Forum, 24, 76-91. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AEF.24.76
- Lee, J. G., Choi, C. S., Jang, Y. A., Jang, S. W., Lee, S. G., & Um, Y. C. (2013). Effects of air temperature and air flow rate control on the tipburn occurrence of leaf lettuce in a closed-type plant factory system. Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology, 54, 303-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-013-0031-0
- Lee, M., & Yoe, H. (2015). Analysis of environmental stress factors using an artificial growth system and plant fitness optimization. Research International, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/292543
- Lee, R. J., Bhandari, S. R., Lee, G., & Lee, J. G. (2019). Optimization of temperature and light, and cultivar selection for the production of high-quality head lettuce in a closed-type plant factory. Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology, 60, 207-216. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201900259924
- Maneejantra, N., Tsukagoshi, S., & Lu, N. (2016). A Quantitative Analysis of Nutrient Requirements for Hydroponic Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Production Under Artificial Light in a Plant Factory. Journal of Fertilizers & Pesticides, 7, 2-5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2471-2728.1000170
- Ministry of International Trade & Industry (2018) Industry4WRD: National Policy on Industry 4.0. Malaysia: Ministry of International Trade and Industry. https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30610
- Moon, S. M., Kwon, S. Y., & Lim, J. H. (2014). Minimization of temperature ranges between the top and bottom of an air flow controlling device through hybrid control in a plant factory. Scientific World Journal, 2014, 801590, 7pp, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/801590
- Pritchard, P. (2011). Fox and McDonald's introduction to fluid mechanics, 8th ed. New York: John Wiley. 875pp.http://ftp.demec.ufpr.br/disciplinas/TM240/Marchi/Bibliografia/Pritchard-Fox-McDonalds_2011_8ed_Fluid-Mechanics.pdf
- Ryu, D. K., Kang, S. W., Ngo, V. D., Chung, S. O., Choi, J. M., Park, S. U., & Kim, S. J.(2014). Control of temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration in small- sized experimental plant factory. Acta Horticulturae, 1037, 477-484. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1037.59
- Sakamoto, M., & Suzuki, T. (2015). Elevated root-zone temperature modulates growth and quality of hydroponically grown carrots. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 749-757. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2015.68072
- Savvas, D., Ntatsi, G., & Passam, H. C. (2008). Plant Nutrition and Physiological Disorders in Greenhouse Grown Tomato, Pepper and Eggplant. The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology, 2, 45-61. http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/Online/GSBOnline/images/0812/EJPSB_2(SI1)/EJPSB_2(SI1)45-61o.pdf
- Shamshiri, R. R., Kalantari, F., Ting, K. C., Thorp, K. R., Hameed, I. A., Weltzien, C., Ahmad, D., & Shad, Z. (2018). Advances in greenhouse automation and controlled environment agriculture: A transition to plant factories and urban agriculture. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 11, 1-22. DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20181101.3210
- Signore, A., Serio, F., & Santamaria, P. (2016). A targeted management of the nutrient solution in a soilless tomato crop according to plant needs. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00391
- Stanghellini, C. (2014). Horticultural production in greenhouses: Efficient use of water. Acta Horticulturae, 1034, 25-32. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1034.1
- Tamura, Y., Mori, T., Nakabayashi, R., Kobayashi, M., Saito, K., Okazaki, S., Wang, N., & Kusano, M. (2018). Metabolomic evaluation of the quality of leaf lettuce grown in practical plant factory to capture metabolite signature. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00665. eCollection 2018
References
Amado, T. M., Valenzuela, I. C., & Orillo, J. W. F. (2016). Horticulture of lettuce (Lactuva sativa L.) using red and blue LED with pulse lighting treatment and temperature control in snap hydroponics setup. Jurnal Teknologi, 78, 67-71. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.8804
Baek, M. S., Kwon, S. Y., & Lim, J. H. (2016). Improvement of the crop growth rate in plant factory by promoting air flow inside the cultivation. International Journal of Smart Home, 10, 63-74. https://doi.org/10.14257/ijsh.2016.10.2.07
Benke, K., & Tomkins, B. (2017). Future food-production systems: Vertical farming and controlled-environment agriculture. Sustainability: Science, Practice, and Policy, 13, 13-26. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15487733.2017.1394054
Chen, W. T., Yeh, Y. H. F., Liu, T. Y., & Lin, T. Te. (2016). An automated and continuous plant weight measurement system for plant factory. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00392
Engelen-Eigles, G., Holden, G., Cohen, J. D., & Gardner, G. (2006). The effect of temperature, photoperiod, and light quality on gluconasturtiin concentration in watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 328-334. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf051857o
Gorbe, E., & Calatayud, Á. (2010). Optimization of Nutrition in Soilless Systems: A Review. Advances in Botanical Research, 53, 193-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2296(10)53006-4
Hasegawa, Y., Yamanaka, G., Ando, K., & Uchida, H.(2014). Ambient temperature effects on evaluation of plant physiological activity using plant bioelectric potential. Sensors and Materials, 26, 461-470. https://doi.org/10.18494/SAM.2014.1008
Haydon, M. J., Román, Á., & Arshad, W. (2015). Nutrient homeostasis within the plant circadian network. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00299
Kalantari, F., Tahir, O. M., Lahijani, A. M., & Kalantari, S. (2017). A review of vertical farming technology: A guide for implementation of building integrated agriculture in cities. Advanced Engineering Forum, 24, 76-91. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AEF.24.76
Lee, J. G., Choi, C. S., Jang, Y. A., Jang, S. W., Lee, S. G., & Um, Y. C. (2013). Effects of air temperature and air flow rate control on the tipburn occurrence of leaf lettuce in a closed-type plant factory system. Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology, 54, 303-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-013-0031-0
Lee, M., & Yoe, H. (2015). Analysis of environmental stress factors using an artificial growth system and plant fitness optimization. Research International, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/292543
Lee, R. J., Bhandari, S. R., Lee, G., & Lee, J. G. (2019). Optimization of temperature and light, and cultivar selection for the production of high-quality head lettuce in a closed-type plant factory. Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology, 60, 207-216. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201900259924
Maneejantra, N., Tsukagoshi, S., & Lu, N. (2016). A Quantitative Analysis of Nutrient Requirements for Hydroponic Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Production Under Artificial Light in a Plant Factory. Journal of Fertilizers & Pesticides, 7, 2-5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2471-2728.1000170
Ministry of International Trade & Industry (2018) Industry4WRD: National Policy on Industry 4.0. Malaysia: Ministry of International Trade and Industry. https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30610
Moon, S. M., Kwon, S. Y., & Lim, J. H. (2014). Minimization of temperature ranges between the top and bottom of an air flow controlling device through hybrid control in a plant factory. Scientific World Journal, 2014, 801590, 7pp, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/801590
Pritchard, P. (2011). Fox and McDonald's introduction to fluid mechanics, 8th ed. New York: John Wiley. 875pp.http://ftp.demec.ufpr.br/disciplinas/TM240/Marchi/Bibliografia/Pritchard-Fox-McDonalds_2011_8ed_Fluid-Mechanics.pdf
Ryu, D. K., Kang, S. W., Ngo, V. D., Chung, S. O., Choi, J. M., Park, S. U., & Kim, S. J.(2014). Control of temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration in small- sized experimental plant factory. Acta Horticulturae, 1037, 477-484. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1037.59
Sakamoto, M., & Suzuki, T. (2015). Elevated root-zone temperature modulates growth and quality of hydroponically grown carrots. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 749-757. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2015.68072
Savvas, D., Ntatsi, G., & Passam, H. C. (2008). Plant Nutrition and Physiological Disorders in Greenhouse Grown Tomato, Pepper and Eggplant. The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology, 2, 45-61. http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/Online/GSBOnline/images/0812/EJPSB_2(SI1)/EJPSB_2(SI1)45-61o.pdf
Shamshiri, R. R., Kalantari, F., Ting, K. C., Thorp, K. R., Hameed, I. A., Weltzien, C., Ahmad, D., & Shad, Z. (2018). Advances in greenhouse automation and controlled environment agriculture: A transition to plant factories and urban agriculture. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 11, 1-22. DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20181101.3210
Signore, A., Serio, F., & Santamaria, P. (2016). A targeted management of the nutrient solution in a soilless tomato crop according to plant needs. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00391
Stanghellini, C. (2014). Horticultural production in greenhouses: Efficient use of water. Acta Horticulturae, 1034, 25-32. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1034.1
Tamura, Y., Mori, T., Nakabayashi, R., Kobayashi, M., Saito, K., Okazaki, S., Wang, N., & Kusano, M. (2018). Metabolomic evaluation of the quality of leaf lettuce grown in practical plant factory to capture metabolite signature. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00665. eCollection 2018