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Abstract
This work describes the effect of different agricultural land use on potential soil erodibility (K) at cultivated farming areas in Cameron Highlands. Ordinarily, soils are assigned with K factors depending on geological properties only which can result into erroneous calculation of soil erosion. This study explores roles of different agricultural land use on the spatial variability of soil erodibility on hilly farms at Cameron Highlands. Soil samples, slopes and spatial locations were collected based on crop types being cultivated. Meanwhile, the land use and type of equipment for each crop are recorded and ranked depending on the degree of soil disturbances. The results showed that, K values are ranged from 0.0084 to 0.0161. Shallow-root crops, such as vegetables and flowers have higher K values due to shallow soil rootzone and frequency of surface operations. However, tea cultivated areas and forests have low K values, indicating comparably higher ability to resist erosion. Furthermore, the erodibility factor for tea farms shows increasing patterns along the developmental stages while the reverse was found in vegetable farms. Spatial variability of the K is influenced by various farming operations at different growing stages and the peculiarity of each crop. This work demonstrated that, the soil erodibility factor can be determined considering the crops and stages of development, in addition to geological attributes.
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References
- Abdullah, A. F., Wayayok, A., Nasidi, N. M., Hazari S. A. F, K., Sidek, L. M., & Selamat, Z. (2019). Modelling Erosion and Landslides Induced by Faming Activities at Hilly Farms. Journal Teknologi, 6, 195–204.
- ASAE. (2011). Standards for Engineering Practices and Data. Adopted and Published by American Society of Apicultural and Biological Engineers. 2nd. Edition.
- Barbosa, R. S., Marques Júnior, J., Barrón, V., Martins Filho, M. V., Siqueira, D. S., Peluco, R. G., Camargo, L. A., & Silva, L. S. (2019). Prediction and mapping of erodibility factors (USLE and WEPP) by magnetic susceptibility in basalt-derived soils in north-eastern São Paulo state, Brazil. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-8015-0
- Barrow, C. J., CLifton, J., CHan, C. W., & TAn, Y. L. (2005). Sustainable Development in the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Journal of Environmental Management, 6, 41–57. http://journalarticle.ukm.my/2228/
- Dabral, P. P., Baithuri, N., & Pandey, A. (2008). Soil erosion assessment in a hilly catchment of North Eastern India using USLE, GIS and remote sensing. Water Resources Management. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-008-9253-9
- Dantala, M. Z., Babangida, I., Ibrahim, A., Nasidi, N. M., Jafar, N. S., Mohammed, D., Muntaqqa, I., Usman, T., & Ahmad, A. (2019). Effect of rice straw ash on soil properties and yield of cucumber. Algerian Journal of Engineering, 00, 34–52. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3553067
- DID. (2012). Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia. In N. A. Zakaria, A. A. Ghani, & C. K. Chang (Eds.), Manual 2nd edition. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia All: Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) Malaysia.
- Didoné, E. J., Minella, J. P. G., & Evrard, O. (2017). Measuring and modelling soil erosion and sediment yields in a large cultivated catchment under no-till of Southern Brazil. Soil and Tillage Research, 174, 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.05.011
- Diodato, N., Mao, L., Borrelli, P., Panagos, P., Fiorillo, F., & Bellocchi, G. (2018). Climate-scale modelling of suspended sediment load in an Alpine catchment debris flow (Rio Cordon-northeastern Italy). Geomorphology, 309, 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.02.026
- Fagbohun, B. J., Anifowose, A. Y. B., Odeyemi, C., Aladejana, O. O., & Aladeboyeje, A. I. (2016). GIS-based estimation of soil erosion rates and identification of critical areas in Anambra sub-basin, Nigeria. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2, 159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-016-0218-3
- Ghani, A. H. A., Lihan, T., Rahim, S. A., Musthapha, M. A., Idris, W. M. R., & Rahman, Z. A. (2013). Prediction of sedimentation using integration of RS, RUSLE model and GIS in Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1571, 543–548. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4858711
- Ismail, H., Rowshon, M. K., Hin, L. S., Abdullah, A. F. B., & Nasidi, N. M. (2020). Assessment of climate change impact on future streamflow at Bernam river basin Malaysia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 540, 012040. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/540/1/012040
- Kaffashi, S., Radam, A., Shamsudin, M. N., Yacob, M. R., & Nordin, N. H. (2015). Ecological conservation, ecotourism, and sustainable management: The case of Penang National Park. Forests, 6, 2345–2370. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6072345
- Li, Z., Huang, J., Zeng, G., Nie, X., Ma, W., Yu, W., Guo, W., & Zhang, J. (2013). Effect of Erosion on Productivity in Subtropical Red Soil Hilly Region: A Multi-Scale Spatio-Temporal Study by Simulated Rainfall. PLoS ONE, 8, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077838
- Mansor, N., Rashid, K. M., Mohamad, Z., & Abdullah, Z. (2015). Agro Tourism Potential in Malaysia. International Academic Research Journal of Business and Technology, 1, 37–44. Retrieved from http://www.iarjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/IBTC2015-p37-44.pdf
- Minasny, B., Mcbratney, A. B., Mckenzie, N. J., & Grundy, M. J. (2008). Predicting soil properties using pedotransfer functions and environmental correlation. Guidelines for Surveying Soil and Land Resources, 1983, 349–367. https://www.academia.edu/26921430/Predicting_soil_properties_using_pedotransfer_functions_and_environmental_correlation
- Mispan, M. R., Haron, S. H., Ismail, B. S., Abd Rahman, N. F., Khalid, K., & Abdul Rasid, M. Z. (2015). The Use of Pesticides in Agriculture Area, Cameron Highlands. International Journal of Scientific Progress and Research (IJSPR), 15, 19–22. Retrieved from www.ijspr.com
- Mohd-Ariffin, A. R., Md Ali, Z., Zainol, R., Rahman, S., Ang, K. H., & Sabran, N. (2014). Sustainable Highland Development through Stakeholders’ Perceptions on Agro EcoTourism in Cameron Highlands: A Preliminary Finding. SHS Web of Conferences, 12, 01086. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20141201086
- Nasidi, N. M., Othman, M. K., Oyebode, M. A., Shanono, N. J., Zakari, M. D., Ibrahim, A., & Shitu, A. (2014). Economic Viability for Reclaiming Irrigated Saline-Sodic Soil using Gypsum as an Amendment at Minjibir Irrigation Scheme, Kano. Red Sea University Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 2, 128–133. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20140203.11
- Nasidi, N. M., Wayayok, A., Abdullah, A. F., & Kassim, M. S. M. (2020a). Spatio-temporal dynamics of rainfall erosivity due to climate change in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Modelling Earth Systems and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00917-4
- Nasidi, N. M., Wayayok, A., Abdullah, F. A., & Kassim, M. S. M. (2020b). Vulnerability of Potential Soil Erosion and Risk Assessment at Hilly Farms using in SAR Technology. Algerian Journal of Engineering, 02, 44–58. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3841100
- Ostovari, Y., Ghorbani-Dashtaki, S., Bahrami, H. A., Naderi, M., Dematte, J. A. M., & Kerry, R. (2016). Modification of the USLE K factor for soil erodibility assessment on calcareous soils in Iran. Geomorphology, 273, 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.08.003
- Patowary, S., & Sarma, A. K. (2018). GIS-Based Estimation of Soil Loss from Hilly Urban Area Incorporating Hill Cut Factor into RUSLE. Water Resources Management, 32, 3535–3547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-018-2006-5
- Pradhan, B., Chaudhari, A., Adinarayana, J., & Buchroithner, M. F. (2012). Soil erosion assessment and its correlation with landslide events using remote sensing data and GIS: A case study at Penang Island, Malaysia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184, 715–727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-1996-8
- Razali, A., Syed Ismail, S. N., Awang, S., Praveena, S. M., & Zainal Abidin, E. (2018). Land use change in highland area and its impact on river water quality: a review of case studies in Malaysia. Ecological Processes, 7(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-018-0126-8
- Renard, K., Foster, G. R., Weeises, G. A., McCool, D. K., & Yoder, D. C. (1997). Predicting Soil Reosion by Water: A guide to conservation planning with Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), United Stated Department of Agriculture, Handbook, 703pp.
- Sadeghi, S. H., & Tavangar, S. (2015). Development of stational models for estimation of rainfall erosivity factor in different timescales. Natural Hazards, 77, 429–443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1608-y
- Teh, S. H. (2011). Soil Erosion Modeling Using RUSLE and GIS on Cameron Highlands, Malaysia for Hydropower Development (Solborg at Nordurslod). Retrieved from https://www.engr.colostate.edu/~pierre/ce_old/Projects/linkfiles/Thesis Soo Huey Teh.pdf
- Tew, K. H. (1999). Production of Malaysian soil erodibility nomograph in relation to soil erosion issues. Soil Erosion Research and Consultancy. 125pp.https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=MY2014000388
- Wayayok, A., Nasidi, N. M., & Abdullahi, A. F. (2018). Erosion and sediment control guidelines for agricultural activities in Hilly Areas: Case Study of Cameron Highlands, Malaysia.
- Weil, R., & Brady, N. (2016). The Nature and Properties of Soils. In Tribology Series Fifteenth, 9, 59–101. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167892208708435.
References
Abdullah, A. F., Wayayok, A., Nasidi, N. M., Hazari S. A. F, K., Sidek, L. M., & Selamat, Z. (2019). Modelling Erosion and Landslides Induced by Faming Activities at Hilly Farms. Journal Teknologi, 6, 195–204.
ASAE. (2011). Standards for Engineering Practices and Data. Adopted and Published by American Society of Apicultural and Biological Engineers. 2nd. Edition.
Barbosa, R. S., Marques Júnior, J., Barrón, V., Martins Filho, M. V., Siqueira, D. S., Peluco, R. G., Camargo, L. A., & Silva, L. S. (2019). Prediction and mapping of erodibility factors (USLE and WEPP) by magnetic susceptibility in basalt-derived soils in north-eastern São Paulo state, Brazil. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-8015-0
Barrow, C. J., CLifton, J., CHan, C. W., & TAn, Y. L. (2005). Sustainable Development in the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Journal of Environmental Management, 6, 41–57. http://journalarticle.ukm.my/2228/
Dabral, P. P., Baithuri, N., & Pandey, A. (2008). Soil erosion assessment in a hilly catchment of North Eastern India using USLE, GIS and remote sensing. Water Resources Management. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-008-9253-9
Dantala, M. Z., Babangida, I., Ibrahim, A., Nasidi, N. M., Jafar, N. S., Mohammed, D., Muntaqqa, I., Usman, T., & Ahmad, A. (2019). Effect of rice straw ash on soil properties and yield of cucumber. Algerian Journal of Engineering, 00, 34–52. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3553067
DID. (2012). Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia. In N. A. Zakaria, A. A. Ghani, & C. K. Chang (Eds.), Manual 2nd edition. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia All: Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) Malaysia.
Didoné, E. J., Minella, J. P. G., & Evrard, O. (2017). Measuring and modelling soil erosion and sediment yields in a large cultivated catchment under no-till of Southern Brazil. Soil and Tillage Research, 174, 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.05.011
Diodato, N., Mao, L., Borrelli, P., Panagos, P., Fiorillo, F., & Bellocchi, G. (2018). Climate-scale modelling of suspended sediment load in an Alpine catchment debris flow (Rio Cordon-northeastern Italy). Geomorphology, 309, 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.02.026
Fagbohun, B. J., Anifowose, A. Y. B., Odeyemi, C., Aladejana, O. O., & Aladeboyeje, A. I. (2016). GIS-based estimation of soil erosion rates and identification of critical areas in Anambra sub-basin, Nigeria. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2, 159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-016-0218-3
Ghani, A. H. A., Lihan, T., Rahim, S. A., Musthapha, M. A., Idris, W. M. R., & Rahman, Z. A. (2013). Prediction of sedimentation using integration of RS, RUSLE model and GIS in Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1571, 543–548. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4858711
Ismail, H., Rowshon, M. K., Hin, L. S., Abdullah, A. F. B., & Nasidi, N. M. (2020). Assessment of climate change impact on future streamflow at Bernam river basin Malaysia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 540, 012040. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/540/1/012040
Kaffashi, S., Radam, A., Shamsudin, M. N., Yacob, M. R., & Nordin, N. H. (2015). Ecological conservation, ecotourism, and sustainable management: The case of Penang National Park. Forests, 6, 2345–2370. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6072345
Li, Z., Huang, J., Zeng, G., Nie, X., Ma, W., Yu, W., Guo, W., & Zhang, J. (2013). Effect of Erosion on Productivity in Subtropical Red Soil Hilly Region: A Multi-Scale Spatio-Temporal Study by Simulated Rainfall. PLoS ONE, 8, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077838
Mansor, N., Rashid, K. M., Mohamad, Z., & Abdullah, Z. (2015). Agro Tourism Potential in Malaysia. International Academic Research Journal of Business and Technology, 1, 37–44. Retrieved from http://www.iarjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/IBTC2015-p37-44.pdf
Minasny, B., Mcbratney, A. B., Mckenzie, N. J., & Grundy, M. J. (2008). Predicting soil properties using pedotransfer functions and environmental correlation. Guidelines for Surveying Soil and Land Resources, 1983, 349–367. https://www.academia.edu/26921430/Predicting_soil_properties_using_pedotransfer_functions_and_environmental_correlation
Mispan, M. R., Haron, S. H., Ismail, B. S., Abd Rahman, N. F., Khalid, K., & Abdul Rasid, M. Z. (2015). The Use of Pesticides in Agriculture Area, Cameron Highlands. International Journal of Scientific Progress and Research (IJSPR), 15, 19–22. Retrieved from www.ijspr.com
Mohd-Ariffin, A. R., Md Ali, Z., Zainol, R., Rahman, S., Ang, K. H., & Sabran, N. (2014). Sustainable Highland Development through Stakeholders’ Perceptions on Agro EcoTourism in Cameron Highlands: A Preliminary Finding. SHS Web of Conferences, 12, 01086. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20141201086
Nasidi, N. M., Othman, M. K., Oyebode, M. A., Shanono, N. J., Zakari, M. D., Ibrahim, A., & Shitu, A. (2014). Economic Viability for Reclaiming Irrigated Saline-Sodic Soil using Gypsum as an Amendment at Minjibir Irrigation Scheme, Kano. Red Sea University Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 2, 128–133. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20140203.11
Nasidi, N. M., Wayayok, A., Abdullah, A. F., & Kassim, M. S. M. (2020a). Spatio-temporal dynamics of rainfall erosivity due to climate change in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Modelling Earth Systems and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00917-4
Nasidi, N. M., Wayayok, A., Abdullah, F. A., & Kassim, M. S. M. (2020b). Vulnerability of Potential Soil Erosion and Risk Assessment at Hilly Farms using in SAR Technology. Algerian Journal of Engineering, 02, 44–58. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3841100
Ostovari, Y., Ghorbani-Dashtaki, S., Bahrami, H. A., Naderi, M., Dematte, J. A. M., & Kerry, R. (2016). Modification of the USLE K factor for soil erodibility assessment on calcareous soils in Iran. Geomorphology, 273, 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.08.003
Patowary, S., & Sarma, A. K. (2018). GIS-Based Estimation of Soil Loss from Hilly Urban Area Incorporating Hill Cut Factor into RUSLE. Water Resources Management, 32, 3535–3547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-018-2006-5
Pradhan, B., Chaudhari, A., Adinarayana, J., & Buchroithner, M. F. (2012). Soil erosion assessment and its correlation with landslide events using remote sensing data and GIS: A case study at Penang Island, Malaysia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184, 715–727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-1996-8
Razali, A., Syed Ismail, S. N., Awang, S., Praveena, S. M., & Zainal Abidin, E. (2018). Land use change in highland area and its impact on river water quality: a review of case studies in Malaysia. Ecological Processes, 7(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-018-0126-8
Renard, K., Foster, G. R., Weeises, G. A., McCool, D. K., & Yoder, D. C. (1997). Predicting Soil Reosion by Water: A guide to conservation planning with Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), United Stated Department of Agriculture, Handbook, 703pp.
Sadeghi, S. H., & Tavangar, S. (2015). Development of stational models for estimation of rainfall erosivity factor in different timescales. Natural Hazards, 77, 429–443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1608-y
Teh, S. H. (2011). Soil Erosion Modeling Using RUSLE and GIS on Cameron Highlands, Malaysia for Hydropower Development (Solborg at Nordurslod). Retrieved from https://www.engr.colostate.edu/~pierre/ce_old/Projects/linkfiles/Thesis Soo Huey Teh.pdf
Tew, K. H. (1999). Production of Malaysian soil erodibility nomograph in relation to soil erosion issues. Soil Erosion Research and Consultancy. 125pp.https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=MY2014000388
Wayayok, A., Nasidi, N. M., & Abdullahi, A. F. (2018). Erosion and sediment control guidelines for agricultural activities in Hilly Areas: Case Study of Cameron Highlands, Malaysia.
Weil, R., & Brady, N. (2016). The Nature and Properties of Soils. In Tribology Series Fifteenth, 9, 59–101. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167892208708435.