Main Article Content
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of in ovo injection of alcoholic garlic extract on hatching traits, liver enzymes, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens post-hatch. In total, 625 broiler breeder eggs (ROSS 308 strain with an average weight of 58.5 g) were divided into 5 treatments (each treatment had three replicates). At 0 embryonic day, the eggs were injected as follows: the first treatment without in ovo injection (negative control), eggs of second treatment were injected with 100 μL.egg-1 distilled water (sham control). The third, fourth, and fifth treatments were injected with 50, 100, and 150 μL.egg-1 of an alcoholic garlic extract respectively. The chicks were reared for 4 weeks after hatching according to in ovo treatments. Hatchability, embryonic mortality, chicks' weight, serum AST, ALT, GPx, SOD activities, and MDA concentration were all measured. The results showed that the hatchability of the fifth treatment was higher (P≤0.05) than those of the other treatments. On the other hand, the embryonic mortality of the fifth treatment was recorded less (P≤0.05) than those of the other treatments. The results of serum AST, ALT, GPx, SOD activities, and MDA concentration were non different significance (P>0.05) among treatments. It is concluded that a garlic extract injection with 150 μL.egg-1 improved hatchability and reduced embryonic mortality. Moreover, it did not affect the chick's weight, serum liver enzymes, and antioxidant status post-hatch.
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References
- Abou El-Ghar, R. Sh. (2013). Genetic analyses of generation means for a cross between two local breeds of chickens: 4-A model for hatchability prediction as a function of some egg quality trait. The Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, 13(7)-D: https://journalofscience.org/index.php/GJSFR/article/view/873
- Alagawany, M., Ashour, E., & Reda, F. M. (2015). Effect of dietary supple¬mentation of garlic (Allium sativum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) on growth performance, carcass traits, blood profile and oxidative status in growing rabbits. Annals of Animal Science, 16, 489¬-505. https://doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0079
- Al-Ashoor, D. S. A., & Al-Salhie, K. C. K. (2020). Effect of adding broccoli leaves (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) extract to drinking water on egg production and intestinal microflora of Japanese quail Coturnix japonica Temmink & Schlegel, 1849. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33, 42-51. https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2020.33.2.04
- Al-Mosawy, A. M. S., & Al-Salhie, K. C. K. (2021). The effect of alcoholic extract of rhizomes of greater galangal (Alpinia galanga L.) on the serum antioxidant enzymes for Japanese Quail during oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 34, 171-179. https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2021.34.1.15
- Ankri, S., & Mirelman, D. (1999). Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes and Infection, 1, 125-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(99)80003-3
- Astal, Z., & Younis, K. (2003). The inhibitory action of aqueous garlic extract on the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria. East and central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6, 9-14. https://doi.org/10.4314/ecajps.v6i1.9692
- Bello, A., Zhai, W., Gerard, P. D., & Peebles, E. D. (2013). Effects of the commercial in ovo injection of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on the hatchability and hatching chick quality of broilers. Poultry Science, 92, 2551-2559. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03086
- Bertin, A., Richard-Yris, M. A., Möstl, E., & Lickliter, R. (2009). Increased yolk testosterone facilitates prenatal perceptual learning in Northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Hormones and Behavior, 56, 416-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.07.008
- Copur, G., Arslan, M., Baylan, M., & Canogullari, S. (2011). Use of allicin as an alternative hatching egg disinfectant versus formaldehyde fumigation in broiler hatching eggs. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment, 25, 2494-2498. https://doi.org/10.5504/BBEQ.2011.0027
- Deeming, D. C., & Pike, T. W. (2013). Embryonic growth and antioxidant provision in avian eggs Biology Letters, 9, 20130757. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0757
- Dieumou, F. E., Teguia, A., Kuiate, J. R., Tamokou, J. D., Fonge, N. B., & Dongmo, M. C. (2009). Effects of ginger, (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) essential oils on growth performance and gut microbial population of broiler chickens. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21, 23-32. https://lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd21/8/dieu21131.htm
- Dooley, M., Peebles, E. D., Zhai, W., Mejia, L., Zumwalt, C. D., & Corzo, A. (2011). Effects of l-carnitine via in ovo injection with or without l-carnitine feed supplementation on broiler hatchability and posthatch performance. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 20, 491–497. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2010-00280
- Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple ranges and multiple F- test. Biometrics, 11, 1- 42. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478
- Eidi, A., Eidi, M., & Esmaeili, E. (2006). Antidiabetic effect of garlic (Allium sativum) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine, 13, 624-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2005.09.010
- El-Latif, A. S. A., Saleh, N. S., Allam, T. S., & Ghazy, E. W. (2013). The effects of rosemary (Rosemarinus afficinalis) and garlic (Allium sativum) essential oils on performance, hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters of broiler chickens. British Journal of Poultry Sciences, 2, 16-24.
- Fadlalla, I. M. T., Mohammed, B. H., & Bakhiet, A. O. (2010). Effect of feeding garlic on performance and immunity of broilers. Asian Journal of Poultry Science, 4, 182-189. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajpsaj.2010.182.189
- Fanelli, S. L., Castro, G. D., De Toranzo, E. G., & Castro, J. A. (1998). Mechanisms of the preventive properties of some garlic components in the carbon tetrachloride-promoted oxidative stress. Diallyl sulfide; diallyl disulfide; allyl mercaptan and allyl methyl sulfide. Research Communications in Molecular Pathology and Pharmacology, 102, 163-174. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10100508/
- Fouad, W., Abdel-Hafez, M. S., & Abd El-Halim, H. A. H. (2018). Influence of spraying garlic oil on embryonic development, hatchability, physiological parameters, post hatch chick growth and bacterial contamination of fertile quail. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal, 38, 877-893. https://doi.org/10.21608/epsj.2018.17113
- Fazli, N., Hassanabadi, A., Mottaghitalab, M., & Hajati, H. (2015). Manipulation of broiler chickens sex differentiation by in ovo injection of aromatase inhibitors, and garlic and tomato extracts, Poultry Science, 94, 2778–2783. http://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev236
- Gardzielewska, J., Pudyszak, K., Majewska, T., Jakubowska, M., & Pomianowski, J. (2003). Effect of plant-supplemented feeding on fresh and frozen storage quality of broiler chicken meat. Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, 6, 12. http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume6/issue2/animal/art-12.html
- Hanieh, H., Kiyoaki, N., Mingzi, P., Chaogetu, G., Asaki, A., & Yasuhiro, K. (2010). Modulatory effects of two levels of dietary alliums on immune response and certain immunological variables, following immunization, in White Leghorn chickens. Animal Science Journal, 81, 673-680. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00798.x
- Harborne, J. B. (1973). Photochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. Chapman and Hall, London, 278pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5921-7_1
- Ismail, I. E., Alagawany, M., Taha, A. E., Puvača, N., Laudadio, V., & Tufarelli, V. (2021). Effect of dietary supplementation of garlic powder and phenyl acetic acid on productive performance, blood haematology, immunity and antioxidant status of broiler chickens. Animal Bioscience, 34, 363-370. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.20.0140
- Khan, R. U., Nikousefat, Z., Tufarelli, V., Naz, S., Javdani, M., & Laudadio, V. (2012). Garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation in poultry diets: Effect on production and physiology. Worlds Poultry Science Journal, 68, 417-424. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933912000530
- Kim, Y. J., Jin, S. K., & Yang, H. S. (2009). Effect of dietary garlic bulb and husk on the physicochemical properties of chicken meat. Poultry Science, 88, 398–405. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00179
- Leonarduzzi, G., Sottero, B., & Poli, G. (2002). Oxidized products of cholesterol: dietary and metabolic origin, and proatherosclerotic effects: a review. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 13, 700-710. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(02)00222-X
- Lee, K. W., Lee, K.C., Kim, G. H., Kim, J. H., Yeon, J. S., Cho, S. B., Chang, B. J., & Kim, S. K. (2016). Effects of dietary fermented garlic on the growth performance, relative organ weights, intestinal morfology, cecal microflora and serum characteristics of broiler chickens. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 18, 511-518. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0242
- Li, S., Zhi, L., Liu, Y., Shen, J., Liu, L., Yao, J., & Yang, X. (2016). Effect of in ovo feeding of folic acid on the folate metabolism, immune function and epigenetic modification of immune effector molecules of broiler. British Journal of Nutrition, 115, 411-421. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515004511
- Mansoub, N. H. (2011). Comparative effects of using garlic as probiotic on performance and serum composition of broiler chickens. Annals of Biological Research, 2, 486-490. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20113237971
- N.R.C. (1994). National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th edn. Nat. Acad. Sci.. Washington, D.C.:176pp. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/2114/nutrient-requirements-of-poultry-ninth-revised-edition-1994
- Ohta, Y., Kidd, M. T., & Ishibashi, T. (2001). Embryo growth and amino acid concentration profiles of broiler breeder eggs, embryos, and chicks after in ovo administration of amino acids. Poultry Science, 80, 1430-1436. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.10.1430
- Oke, O. E. (2018). Evaluation of physiological response and performance by supplementation of Curcuma longa in broiler feed under hot humid tropical climate. Tropical Animal Health Production, 50, 1071-1077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1532-8
- Oke, O. E., Emeshili, U. K., Iyasere, O. S., Abioja, M. O., Daramola, J. O., Ladokun, A. O., Abiona, J. A., Williams, T. J., Rahman, S. A., Rotimi, S. O., Balogun, S. I., & Adejuyigbe, A. E. (2017). Physiological responses and performance of broiler chickens offered olive leaf extract under a hot humid tropical climate. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 26, 376-382. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfx005
- Onibi, E. G., Adebisi, E. O., Fajemisin, N. A., & Adetunji, V. A. (2009). Response of broiler chickens in terms of performance and meat quality to garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4, 511-517. https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJAR/article-full-text-pdf/9759AC338577
- Pourali, M., Kermanshahi, H., Golian, A., Razmi, G. R., & Soukhtanloo, M. (2014). Antioxidant and anticoccidial effects of garlic powder and sulfur amino acids on Eimeria¬ infected and uninfected broiler chickens. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 15, 227-2¬32.
- Rastad, A. (2020). Effects of antibiotic replacement with garlic powder and probiotic on performance, carcass characteristics, oxidative enzymes and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences, 42, e48734. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.48734
- Sanja, J. P., Ljiljana, M. K., Nikola, M. P., Jovanka, D. L., Olivera, M. Đ., Bojana, M. K., Ivana, S. Ĉ., & Marina V. V. (2015). Effect of synbiotic on growth and antioxidant status of blood in broiler chicken. Food and Feed Research, 42, 163-169.
- Siegers, C. P., Steffen, B., Robke, A., & Pentz, R. (1999). The effects of garlic preparations against human tumor cell proliferation. Phytomedicine, 6, 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(99)80028-2
- SPSS (2016). Statistical Packages of Social Sciences. IBM Corp. Released 2016. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. https:// www. ibm. com/ analytics/spss-statistics-software
- Sivam, G. P. (2001). Protection against Helicobacter pylori and Other Bacterial Infections by Garlic. The Journal of Nutrition, 131, 1106S–1108S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.3.1106S
- Teshika, J. D., Zakariyyah, A. M., Zaynab, T., Zengin, G., Rengasamy, K. R. R., Pandian, S. K., & Fawzi, M. M. (2019). Traditional and modern uses of onion bulb (Allium cepa L.): A systematic review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59, S39–70 https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1499074
- Togashi, C. K., Fonseca, J. B., Soares, R., Da Costa, A. P. D., Ferreira, K. S., & Detmann, E. (2008). Use of garlic and copper in the feeding of broiler chicks. Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia-Brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 37, 1036-1041. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982008000600013
- Weber, F. H., Genteman, K. C., Lemay, M. A., Lewis, D. O., & Evans, N. A. (2004). Immunization of broiler chicks by in ovo injection of infective stages of Eimeria. Poultry Science, 83, 392-399. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.3.392
- Yagi, K. (1998). Simple assay for the level of total lipid peroxides in serum or plasma. Free Radical and Antioxidant Protocols, 108, 101-106. https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-472-0:101
References
Abou El-Ghar, R. Sh. (2013). Genetic analyses of generation means for a cross between two local breeds of chickens: 4-A model for hatchability prediction as a function of some egg quality trait. The Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, 13(7)-D: https://journalofscience.org/index.php/GJSFR/article/view/873
Alagawany, M., Ashour, E., & Reda, F. M. (2015). Effect of dietary supple¬mentation of garlic (Allium sativum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) on growth performance, carcass traits, blood profile and oxidative status in growing rabbits. Annals of Animal Science, 16, 489¬-505. https://doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0079
Al-Ashoor, D. S. A., & Al-Salhie, K. C. K. (2020). Effect of adding broccoli leaves (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) extract to drinking water on egg production and intestinal microflora of Japanese quail Coturnix japonica Temmink & Schlegel, 1849. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33, 42-51. https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2020.33.2.04
Al-Mosawy, A. M. S., & Al-Salhie, K. C. K. (2021). The effect of alcoholic extract of rhizomes of greater galangal (Alpinia galanga L.) on the serum antioxidant enzymes for Japanese Quail during oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 34, 171-179. https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2021.34.1.15
Ankri, S., & Mirelman, D. (1999). Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes and Infection, 1, 125-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(99)80003-3
Astal, Z., & Younis, K. (2003). The inhibitory action of aqueous garlic extract on the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria. East and central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6, 9-14. https://doi.org/10.4314/ecajps.v6i1.9692
Bello, A., Zhai, W., Gerard, P. D., & Peebles, E. D. (2013). Effects of the commercial in ovo injection of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on the hatchability and hatching chick quality of broilers. Poultry Science, 92, 2551-2559. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03086
Bertin, A., Richard-Yris, M. A., Möstl, E., & Lickliter, R. (2009). Increased yolk testosterone facilitates prenatal perceptual learning in Northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Hormones and Behavior, 56, 416-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.07.008
Copur, G., Arslan, M., Baylan, M., & Canogullari, S. (2011). Use of allicin as an alternative hatching egg disinfectant versus formaldehyde fumigation in broiler hatching eggs. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment, 25, 2494-2498. https://doi.org/10.5504/BBEQ.2011.0027
Deeming, D. C., & Pike, T. W. (2013). Embryonic growth and antioxidant provision in avian eggs Biology Letters, 9, 20130757. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0757
Dieumou, F. E., Teguia, A., Kuiate, J. R., Tamokou, J. D., Fonge, N. B., & Dongmo, M. C. (2009). Effects of ginger, (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) essential oils on growth performance and gut microbial population of broiler chickens. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21, 23-32. https://lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd21/8/dieu21131.htm
Dooley, M., Peebles, E. D., Zhai, W., Mejia, L., Zumwalt, C. D., & Corzo, A. (2011). Effects of l-carnitine via in ovo injection with or without l-carnitine feed supplementation on broiler hatchability and posthatch performance. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 20, 491–497. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2010-00280
Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple ranges and multiple F- test. Biometrics, 11, 1- 42. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478
Eidi, A., Eidi, M., & Esmaeili, E. (2006). Antidiabetic effect of garlic (Allium sativum) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine, 13, 624-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2005.09.010
El-Latif, A. S. A., Saleh, N. S., Allam, T. S., & Ghazy, E. W. (2013). The effects of rosemary (Rosemarinus afficinalis) and garlic (Allium sativum) essential oils on performance, hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters of broiler chickens. British Journal of Poultry Sciences, 2, 16-24.
Fadlalla, I. M. T., Mohammed, B. H., & Bakhiet, A. O. (2010). Effect of feeding garlic on performance and immunity of broilers. Asian Journal of Poultry Science, 4, 182-189. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajpsaj.2010.182.189
Fanelli, S. L., Castro, G. D., De Toranzo, E. G., & Castro, J. A. (1998). Mechanisms of the preventive properties of some garlic components in the carbon tetrachloride-promoted oxidative stress. Diallyl sulfide; diallyl disulfide; allyl mercaptan and allyl methyl sulfide. Research Communications in Molecular Pathology and Pharmacology, 102, 163-174. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10100508/
Fouad, W., Abdel-Hafez, M. S., & Abd El-Halim, H. A. H. (2018). Influence of spraying garlic oil on embryonic development, hatchability, physiological parameters, post hatch chick growth and bacterial contamination of fertile quail. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal, 38, 877-893. https://doi.org/10.21608/epsj.2018.17113
Fazli, N., Hassanabadi, A., Mottaghitalab, M., & Hajati, H. (2015). Manipulation of broiler chickens sex differentiation by in ovo injection of aromatase inhibitors, and garlic and tomato extracts, Poultry Science, 94, 2778–2783. http://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev236
Gardzielewska, J., Pudyszak, K., Majewska, T., Jakubowska, M., & Pomianowski, J. (2003). Effect of plant-supplemented feeding on fresh and frozen storage quality of broiler chicken meat. Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, 6, 12. http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume6/issue2/animal/art-12.html
Hanieh, H., Kiyoaki, N., Mingzi, P., Chaogetu, G., Asaki, A., & Yasuhiro, K. (2010). Modulatory effects of two levels of dietary alliums on immune response and certain immunological variables, following immunization, in White Leghorn chickens. Animal Science Journal, 81, 673-680. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00798.x
Harborne, J. B. (1973). Photochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. Chapman and Hall, London, 278pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5921-7_1
Ismail, I. E., Alagawany, M., Taha, A. E., Puvača, N., Laudadio, V., & Tufarelli, V. (2021). Effect of dietary supplementation of garlic powder and phenyl acetic acid on productive performance, blood haematology, immunity and antioxidant status of broiler chickens. Animal Bioscience, 34, 363-370. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.20.0140
Khan, R. U., Nikousefat, Z., Tufarelli, V., Naz, S., Javdani, M., & Laudadio, V. (2012). Garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation in poultry diets: Effect on production and physiology. Worlds Poultry Science Journal, 68, 417-424. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933912000530
Kim, Y. J., Jin, S. K., & Yang, H. S. (2009). Effect of dietary garlic bulb and husk on the physicochemical properties of chicken meat. Poultry Science, 88, 398–405. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00179
Leonarduzzi, G., Sottero, B., & Poli, G. (2002). Oxidized products of cholesterol: dietary and metabolic origin, and proatherosclerotic effects: a review. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 13, 700-710. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(02)00222-X
Lee, K. W., Lee, K.C., Kim, G. H., Kim, J. H., Yeon, J. S., Cho, S. B., Chang, B. J., & Kim, S. K. (2016). Effects of dietary fermented garlic on the growth performance, relative organ weights, intestinal morfology, cecal microflora and serum characteristics of broiler chickens. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 18, 511-518. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0242
Li, S., Zhi, L., Liu, Y., Shen, J., Liu, L., Yao, J., & Yang, X. (2016). Effect of in ovo feeding of folic acid on the folate metabolism, immune function and epigenetic modification of immune effector molecules of broiler. British Journal of Nutrition, 115, 411-421. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515004511
Mansoub, N. H. (2011). Comparative effects of using garlic as probiotic on performance and serum composition of broiler chickens. Annals of Biological Research, 2, 486-490. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20113237971
N.R.C. (1994). National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th edn. Nat. Acad. Sci.. Washington, D.C.:176pp. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/2114/nutrient-requirements-of-poultry-ninth-revised-edition-1994
Ohta, Y., Kidd, M. T., & Ishibashi, T. (2001). Embryo growth and amino acid concentration profiles of broiler breeder eggs, embryos, and chicks after in ovo administration of amino acids. Poultry Science, 80, 1430-1436. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.10.1430
Oke, O. E. (2018). Evaluation of physiological response and performance by supplementation of Curcuma longa in broiler feed under hot humid tropical climate. Tropical Animal Health Production, 50, 1071-1077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1532-8
Oke, O. E., Emeshili, U. K., Iyasere, O. S., Abioja, M. O., Daramola, J. O., Ladokun, A. O., Abiona, J. A., Williams, T. J., Rahman, S. A., Rotimi, S. O., Balogun, S. I., & Adejuyigbe, A. E. (2017). Physiological responses and performance of broiler chickens offered olive leaf extract under a hot humid tropical climate. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 26, 376-382. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfx005
Onibi, E. G., Adebisi, E. O., Fajemisin, N. A., & Adetunji, V. A. (2009). Response of broiler chickens in terms of performance and meat quality to garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4, 511-517. https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJAR/article-full-text-pdf/9759AC338577
Pourali, M., Kermanshahi, H., Golian, A., Razmi, G. R., & Soukhtanloo, M. (2014). Antioxidant and anticoccidial effects of garlic powder and sulfur amino acids on Eimeria¬ infected and uninfected broiler chickens. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 15, 227-2¬32.
Rastad, A. (2020). Effects of antibiotic replacement with garlic powder and probiotic on performance, carcass characteristics, oxidative enzymes and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences, 42, e48734. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.48734
Sanja, J. P., Ljiljana, M. K., Nikola, M. P., Jovanka, D. L., Olivera, M. Đ., Bojana, M. K., Ivana, S. Ĉ., & Marina V. V. (2015). Effect of synbiotic on growth and antioxidant status of blood in broiler chicken. Food and Feed Research, 42, 163-169.
Siegers, C. P., Steffen, B., Robke, A., & Pentz, R. (1999). The effects of garlic preparations against human tumor cell proliferation. Phytomedicine, 6, 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(99)80028-2
SPSS (2016). Statistical Packages of Social Sciences. IBM Corp. Released 2016. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. https:// www. ibm. com/ analytics/spss-statistics-software
Sivam, G. P. (2001). Protection against Helicobacter pylori and Other Bacterial Infections by Garlic. The Journal of Nutrition, 131, 1106S–1108S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.3.1106S
Teshika, J. D., Zakariyyah, A. M., Zaynab, T., Zengin, G., Rengasamy, K. R. R., Pandian, S. K., & Fawzi, M. M. (2019). Traditional and modern uses of onion bulb (Allium cepa L.): A systematic review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59, S39–70 https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1499074
Togashi, C. K., Fonseca, J. B., Soares, R., Da Costa, A. P. D., Ferreira, K. S., & Detmann, E. (2008). Use of garlic and copper in the feeding of broiler chicks. Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia-Brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 37, 1036-1041. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982008000600013
Weber, F. H., Genteman, K. C., Lemay, M. A., Lewis, D. O., & Evans, N. A. (2004). Immunization of broiler chicks by in ovo injection of infective stages of Eimeria. Poultry Science, 83, 392-399. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.3.392
Yagi, K. (1998). Simple assay for the level of total lipid peroxides in serum or plasma. Free Radical and Antioxidant Protocols, 108, 101-106. https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-472-0:101