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Abstract
: Leaf characteristics of four genera represented by nine species belonging to the family Malvaceae were examined: Althaea ludwigii L., Gossypium herbaceum L., Hibiscus cannabinum L., H. sabdariffa L., H. rosa-sinensis L., H. tiliaceus L., Malva sylvestris L., M. nicaeensis All., and M. parviflora L. The results reveal differences in the shape of anticlinal wall cells, stomatal frequency, stomatal index, and trichome types among the species. Additionally, the shape of the anticlinal wall cells is straight in A. ludwigii, G. herbaceum, H. sabdariffa and H. tiliaceu species; sinuate in H. cannabinum and H. rosa-sinensis and undulate or strongly undulate in Malva species. On average epidermal cells in the upper epidermis of M. sylvestris were 91.25 µm long, while on average, they were 27.18 µm long in H. tiliaceus. The current results identified five different stomatal patterns: anomocytic (rununculaceous); hemiparacytic; paracytic; anisocytic (cruciferous) and diacytic. Trichomes on the leaves are recognized as unicellular non-glandular in M. parviflora, M. nicaeensis, and M. sylvestris, glandular in H. rosa-sinensis, G. herbaceum, and H. sabdariffa, and stellate hairs in M. nicaeensis, M. parviflora, M. sylvestris and A. ludwigii. The stomatal index varies between species and on the upper and lower epidermis. The highest stomatal index was 50.98 in H. sabdariffa on the lower surface and the lowest 7.11 on the upper surface.
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References
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- Al-Garory, N. H., & Al-Kaabi, W. J. (2020). Determination of some Heavy Metals Concentration in some Dairy Products from Three Different Regions of Basrah, Iraq. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33(2), 1–13. https://bjas.bajas.edu.iq/index.php/bjas/article/view/206
- Al-Hawshabi, O.S. (2024). Anatomical study on Hibiscus L. (Malvoideae) of Malvaceae Sensu lato in Toor Al-Bahadistrict, Lahej Governorate, Yemen. Electronic Journal of University of Aden for Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(1), 95–113. https://doi.org/10.47372/ejua-ba.2024.1.332
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- Al-Saadi, S. A. A.; Al-Taie, S.S. & Al-Waheeb, A.N. (2023). Anatomical study of Nerium oleander L. leaves found in places contaminated with H2S. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science:1-7. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1215/1/012052
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- Al-Taie, S. S., Al-Waheeb, A.N. & Al-Saadi, S.A.A. (2018). Anatomical study of some species of Caryophyllaceae in Iraq. Biochemical and Cellular Archives.18(2): 2173-2179. https://www.connectjournals.com/pages/articledetails/toc028896
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- Essiett, U.A. & Iwok, E. S. (2014). Floral and leaf anatomy of Hibiscus species. American Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2 (5), 101-117. https://pubs.sciepub.com/ajmbr/2/5/1/index.html
- Hashim, M. G., Hashim, M. G., & Abdullah, A. M. (2019). Corn cobs Efficiency in Adsorption of Cadmium Ions (Cd+2) from its Aquatic Solutions. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32, 135–139. https://www.bajas.edu.iq/BJAS/index.php/bjas/article/view/76
- Ibrahim, Z.M.; Hassan, S.A.; Karakish, E.A. & Ismail, I.M. (2023) Significance of seed storage protein and seed morphological characters in the classification of some species of Malvaceae. Egyptian Journal of Botany, 63(2), 431–455. https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_275143.html
- Karakish, E. A.; Al-Ruzayza, S. & Khalik, K. A. (2020). Comparative anatomical studies of some species of family Malvaceae from Saudi Arabia and its systematic significance. The Egyptian Society of Experimental Biology. (Bot.), 16(2), 203 - 221. https://www.bibliomed.org/?mno=29845
- Kumari, N. & Kandir, K. (2021). Comparative study of stomatal index of some ethnomedicinal plants of some species of family Malvaceae in Ranchi district of Jharkhand. Biospectra. 16(1), 81-84. https://mset-biospectra.org/2021/09/comparative-study-of-stomatal-index-of-some-ethnomedicinal-plants-of-some-species-of-family-malvaceae-in-ranchi-district-of-jharkhand/
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- Mitra, S., Maiti, G.G. & Maity, D. (2015). Structure and distribution of heteromorphic stomata in Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br. (Malvaceae, formerly Sterculiaceae). Adansonia. 3, 37 (1), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.5252/a2015n1a9
- Munir, M., Khan, M.A.; Ahmad, M.; Abbasi, A.M.; Zafar, M.; Khan, K. Y.; Tariq, T.; Tabassum, S.; Ahmed, S.N.; Habiba, U. & Bano, A. (2011). Taxonomic potential of foliar epidermal anatomy among the wild culinary vegetables of Pakistan. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 5(13), pp. 2857-2862. https://academicjournals.org/journal/JMPR/article-abstract/9FA9B5418606
- Naskar, S. (2016). Anatomical studies of some common members of Malvaceae S.S. from West Bengal. Indian Journal of Plant Sciences., 5(1), 1-7. https://www.cibtech.org/J-Plant-Sciences/PUBLICATIONS/2016/JPS-05-01-Contents.htm
- Nbeaa, R. A., Abo-Trabi, B. & Ahmad, E. (2023). Phenotypic correlation and path coefficient and relative Importance studies in okra Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 36(1), 50-59. https://bjas.bajas.edu.iq/index.php/bjas/article/view/906
- Obead, F. I.., & Jerry, A. N. (2019). Effect of Irrigation Water Quality and Spraying with Tocopherol on Na, K, K+/Na+ and Cl- and Chemical Components of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32, 291–301. https://bjas.bajas.edu.iq/index.php/bjas/article/view/99
- Rakhimov, A., Yoziev, L. & Duschanova, G. (2021). Structural features of the vegetative bodies of Hibiscus syriacus L. (Sev. Malvaceae Juss.) growing under the conditions in Uzbekistan. BIO Web of Conferences., 30, 04006 https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213004006
- Ramírez-Díaz, M., Gutiérrez, J., & Terrazas, T. (2024). Arquitectura y anatomía foliar de ocho especies de Tilia (Malvaceae). Acta Botanica Mexicana, (131). https://doi.org/10.21829/abm131.2024.2332
- Silva, P. C.; Gallão, M. I. & De Arruda, E.C. (2023). Comparative anatomical study of two Malvaceae species from a seasonally dry forest. Flora. 303, 152290. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0367253023000804
- Taia, W. K., Hassan, A. & El-Badan, G.E. (2023). Leaf variations within representative genera of tribe Malveae and their significance in the taxa phylogeny. Egyptian Journal Botany 63(3), 727-742. https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_290885.html
- Taia, W.K. & Mahdy, R.A. (2021) Significance of stomata and hair variations within some Bauhinia L. species. International Journal of Botany, 6(6), 322–327. https://www.botanyjournals.com/archives/2021/vol6/issue6/6-6-17
- Townsend, C.C. & Guest, E. (1980). Flora of Iraq. Cornaceae to Rubiaceae. Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. Volume four –Part one. p: 219 -274. https://www.amazon.com/Flora-Iraq-Cornaceae-Rubiaceae-Part/dp/1842463314
- Uzunhisarcikli, M.E. & Vural, M. (2012). The taxonomic revision of Alcea and Althaea (Malvaceae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 36(6), 603-636. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1108-11
- Wannan, B. S. (2024). Hibiscus cummingii Wannan (Malvaceae), a new species from north-east Queensland. Austrobaileya 14, 27–35. https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-animals/plants/herbarium/austrobaileya
- Zhang, J., Cheng, C., Xiao, F., Zhang, X., Zhang, C., Zhao, Y., Xu, J., Zhang, S. & Wang, X. (2024). Effects of ploidy level on leaf morphology, stomata, and anatomical structure of Hibiscus syriacus L. BMC Plant Biology 24 (1), 34-45. https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12870-024-05778-y
References
Abbas, R. J. (2021). Effect of supplementing different levels of okra seed (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) powder on growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters and gut microbial populations in broiler chickens. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 34(2), 29-41, https://bjas.bajas.edu.iq/index.php/bjas/article/view/434
Abdullah, N. A., Alpresem, W. F., & Hzaa, A. Y. L. (2025). Effect of Plant Extracts and Nano-Selenium on the Anatomical Characteristics of Mango Seedling Leaves (Mangifera indica L.) Under Stress Conditions. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1487, No. 1, p. 012042). IOP Publishing. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1487/1/012042
Akcin, O.E. & Ozbucak, T.B. (2006) Morphological, anatomical and ecological studies on medicinal and edible plants Malva neglecta Wallr (Malvaceae). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 9, 2716– 2719. https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=pjbs.2006.2716.2719
Al-Garory, N. H., & Al-Kaabi, W. J. (2020). Determination of some Heavy Metals Concentration in some Dairy Products from Three Different Regions of Basrah, Iraq. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33(2), 1–13. https://bjas.bajas.edu.iq/index.php/bjas/article/view/206
Al-Hawshabi, O.S. (2024). Anatomical study on Hibiscus L. (Malvoideae) of Malvaceae Sensu lato in Toor Al-Bahadistrict, Lahej Governorate, Yemen. Electronic Journal of University of Aden for Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(1), 95–113. https://doi.org/10.47372/ejua-ba.2024.1.332
Al-Mousawi, N.; Al-Waheeb, A.N. & Al-Saadi, S.A.M. (2019). Anatomical study of some species belonging to the Papaveraceae family in north of Iraq. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum. 15 (4): 363-379. https://doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2019.15.4.036
Al-Saadi, S. A. A.; Al-Taie, S.S. & Al-Waheeb, A.N. (2023). Anatomical study of Nerium oleander L. leaves found in places contaminated with H2S. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science:1-7. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1215/1/012052
Al-Saadi, S. A. A; Qader, K.O & Fetah, H. F. (2019) Anatomical characters used to delimit species of some genera of Brassicaceae in Iraq. Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani. (Part-A): 1-21. https://sjpas.univsul.edu.iq/article?id=823
Al-Taie, S. S., Al-Waheeb, A.N. & Al-Saadi, S.A.A. (2018). Anatomical study of some species of Caryophyllaceae in Iraq. Biochemical and Cellular Archives.18(2): 2173-2179. https://www.connectjournals.com/pages/articledetails/toc028896
Arabameri, M., Khodayari, H. & Zarre, S. (2020). Trichome micromorphology in Alcea L. and allied genera (Malvaceae). And its systematic implication. Nordic journal of Botany:1-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.02540
Celka, Z., Szkudlarz, P. & Biereżnoj, U. (2006). Morphological variation of hairs in Malvaceae L. (Malvaceae). Biodiversity Research and Conservation, 3-4: 258-261. http://brc.amu.edu.pl/Morphological-variation-of-hairs-in-Malva-alcea-L-Malvaceae-,121604,0,2.html
Chachad, D. P. & Vaidya, M. (2016). Stomatal studies on some selected plants of Malvaceae. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 5 (3), 1060-1068. https://www.wjpr.net/abstract_show/4759
Christenhusz, M.J.M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). The number of known plant species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa, 261(3), 201-217. https://www.biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.261.3.1
Chung, R.C.K. (2002). Leaf epidermal micromorphology of Grewia L. and Microcos L. (Tiliaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore, 54, 263-286. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/134137/author?bpg1&ppg=1&psize=250#/sections
El Kholy, D.M., Mohamed, A.H. & Khafagi, A.A.F. (2023) The taxonomic significance of pollen and seed morphology in the Mimosoideae and Caesalpinoideae (Leguminosae). Egyptian Journal of Botany, 63(1), 31–43. https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_257980.html
Esau, K. (1965). Plant anatomy. 2nd ed. Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, Calctta, Madras, 767. https://www.amazon.com/Plant-Anatomy-2nd-Katherine-Esau/dp/0471244562
Essiett, U.A. & Iwok, E. S. (2014). Floral and leaf anatomy of Hibiscus species. American Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2 (5), 101-117. https://pubs.sciepub.com/ajmbr/2/5/1/index.html
Hashim, M. G., Hashim, M. G., & Abdullah, A. M. (2019). Corn cobs Efficiency in Adsorption of Cadmium Ions (Cd+2) from its Aquatic Solutions. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32, 135–139. https://www.bajas.edu.iq/BJAS/index.php/bjas/article/view/76
Ibrahim, Z.M.; Hassan, S.A.; Karakish, E.A. & Ismail, I.M. (2023) Significance of seed storage protein and seed morphological characters in the classification of some species of Malvaceae. Egyptian Journal of Botany, 63(2), 431–455. https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_275143.html
Karakish, E. A.; Al-Ruzayza, S. & Khalik, K. A. (2020). Comparative anatomical studies of some species of family Malvaceae from Saudi Arabia and its systematic significance. The Egyptian Society of Experimental Biology. (Bot.), 16(2), 203 - 221. https://www.bibliomed.org/?mno=29845
Kumari, N. & Kandir, K. (2021). Comparative study of stomatal index of some ethnomedicinal plants of some species of family Malvaceae in Ranchi district of Jharkhand. Biospectra. 16(1), 81-84. https://mset-biospectra.org/2021/09/comparative-study-of-stomatal-index-of-some-ethnomedicinal-plants-of-some-species-of-family-malvaceae-in-ranchi-district-of-jharkhand/
Metcalfe, C.R. & Chalk, L. (1979) "Anatomy of Dicotyledons", 2nd ed. Vol.1, Oxford University Press, London, 276p. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1365527
Mitra, S., Maiti, G.G. & Maity, D. (2015). Structure and distribution of heteromorphic stomata in Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br. (Malvaceae, formerly Sterculiaceae). Adansonia. 3, 37 (1), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.5252/a2015n1a9
Munir, M., Khan, M.A.; Ahmad, M.; Abbasi, A.M.; Zafar, M.; Khan, K. Y.; Tariq, T.; Tabassum, S.; Ahmed, S.N.; Habiba, U. & Bano, A. (2011). Taxonomic potential of foliar epidermal anatomy among the wild culinary vegetables of Pakistan. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 5(13), pp. 2857-2862. https://academicjournals.org/journal/JMPR/article-abstract/9FA9B5418606
Naskar, S. (2016). Anatomical studies of some common members of Malvaceae S.S. from West Bengal. Indian Journal of Plant Sciences., 5(1), 1-7. https://www.cibtech.org/J-Plant-Sciences/PUBLICATIONS/2016/JPS-05-01-Contents.htm
Nbeaa, R. A., Abo-Trabi, B. & Ahmad, E. (2023). Phenotypic correlation and path coefficient and relative Importance studies in okra Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 36(1), 50-59. https://bjas.bajas.edu.iq/index.php/bjas/article/view/906
Obead, F. I.., & Jerry, A. N. (2019). Effect of Irrigation Water Quality and Spraying with Tocopherol on Na, K, K+/Na+ and Cl- and Chemical Components of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32, 291–301. https://bjas.bajas.edu.iq/index.php/bjas/article/view/99
Rakhimov, A., Yoziev, L. & Duschanova, G. (2021). Structural features of the vegetative bodies of Hibiscus syriacus L. (Sev. Malvaceae Juss.) growing under the conditions in Uzbekistan. BIO Web of Conferences., 30, 04006 https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213004006
Ramírez-Díaz, M., Gutiérrez, J., & Terrazas, T. (2024). Arquitectura y anatomía foliar de ocho especies de Tilia (Malvaceae). Acta Botanica Mexicana, (131). https://doi.org/10.21829/abm131.2024.2332
Silva, P. C.; Gallão, M. I. & De Arruda, E.C. (2023). Comparative anatomical study of two Malvaceae species from a seasonally dry forest. Flora. 303, 152290. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0367253023000804
Taia, W. K., Hassan, A. & El-Badan, G.E. (2023). Leaf variations within representative genera of tribe Malveae and their significance in the taxa phylogeny. Egyptian Journal Botany 63(3), 727-742. https://ejbo.journals.ekb.eg/article_290885.html
Taia, W.K. & Mahdy, R.A. (2021) Significance of stomata and hair variations within some Bauhinia L. species. International Journal of Botany, 6(6), 322–327. https://www.botanyjournals.com/archives/2021/vol6/issue6/6-6-17
Townsend, C.C. & Guest, E. (1980). Flora of Iraq. Cornaceae to Rubiaceae. Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. Volume four –Part one. p: 219 -274. https://www.amazon.com/Flora-Iraq-Cornaceae-Rubiaceae-Part/dp/1842463314
Uzunhisarcikli, M.E. & Vural, M. (2012). The taxonomic revision of Alcea and Althaea (Malvaceae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 36(6), 603-636. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1108-11
Wannan, B. S. (2024). Hibiscus cummingii Wannan (Malvaceae), a new species from north-east Queensland. Austrobaileya 14, 27–35. https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-animals/plants/herbarium/austrobaileya
Zhang, J., Cheng, C., Xiao, F., Zhang, X., Zhang, C., Zhao, Y., Xu, J., Zhang, S. & Wang, X. (2024). Effects of ploidy level on leaf morphology, stomata, and anatomical structure of Hibiscus syriacus L. BMC Plant Biology 24 (1), 34-45. https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12870-024-05778-y