Main Article Content
Abstract
This study was conducted in one of the private orchards in the district of Abu Al-Khaseeb, Basrah province during the growing seasons 2017 - 2018 in order to examine the effect of spraying acidic whey, enzymatic whey and magnetized and non-magnetized whey on date palm cultivars Phoenix dactylifera L. agricultural (yellow Shwithi and Al-Khdrawi). A Concentration of 100% of the whey was applied to the fruits. The results of the study showed the superiority of the yellow Shwithi and Al-Khdrawi regarding the Qualitative and Productive characteristics. There was a significant difference between the date palm cultivars regarding the length, diameter, the weight of fruit, dry matter, total and reduced sugars and fruit content of invertase enzyme were recorded 33.45 mm, 20.89 mm, 9.302 g, 37.685%, 50.28%, 36.09% and 2347 units/kg/ CO2. The spray treatment was characterized by enzymatic whey in most of the study treatments of fruit length, fruit weight, total sugars and invertase enzyme. It reached 34.55 mm, 9.883 g, 56.15% and 2005.3 units/kg/CO2. The results also showed the importance of bilateral interaction between the variety and spray treatment.
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References
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- Al-Bakir, A., & Whitaker, J. R. (1978). Purification and characterization of invertase from dates (Phoenix dactylifera L., var. Zahdi). Journal Food Biochemistry, 2, 133-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.1978.tb00609.x
- Ali, H. I., Alhilphy, A. R. S., & Aldarwish, A. K. (2015). The effect of magnetic field treatment on the characteristics and yield of Iraqi local white cheese. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 8, 63-69. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-08926369
- Barefoot, R. R., & Reich, C. S. (2002). The calcium factor: The scientific secret of health and youth. South eastern. PA: Triad Marketing; 5th edition, 218pp. https://www.amazon.com/Calcium-Factor-Scientific-Secret-Health/dp/0963370324
- Barreveld, W. H. (1993). Date palm products. FAO Agricultural services Bulletin, No. 101, 231pp http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0681e/t0681e00.htm
- Bashir, S Z. (2003). Your guide to the SPSS statistical program. The Arab Institute for Statistical Training and Research, 246 pp.
- Christian, G. D. (1980). Analytical Chemistry .3rd edition John Wiley and Sons. New York, University of Washington, 186pp.
- Colic, M., Chien, A., & D. Morse, D. (1998). Synergistic application of chemical and electromagnetic water treatment in corrosion and scale prevention. Croatica Chemica Acta, 71, 905-916. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/SYNERGISTIC-APPLICATION-OF-CHEMICAL-AND-WATER-AND-%C4%8Coli%C4%87-Chien/df88a874b3df857691a481e86912a4c05ef2e75e
- Davis, A. R. (1977). Apparatus and Method for Exposing Seeds to a Magnetic Field. US. Patent, No. 4020590. 175pp. https:// patents.google.com/ patent/us4020590A/en
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- Estiken, A., & Turan, M. (2004). Alternating magnetic field effects on yield and plant nutrient elements composition of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa CJ Camarosa). Agriculture Scandinavica section B- Soil and Plant Science, 54, 135-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710310019748
- Hilal, M. H., & Hilal, M. M. (2004). Application of magnetic technology in desert agriculture. I. seed germination and seedling emergence of some crops in a saline calcareous soil. Egypt Journal Soil Science, 40, 413-422. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=EG2003000368
- Howrtiz, W. (1975). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington, D. C., 1049pp. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600650148
- Ibrahim, A. O. (2008). Date Palm Tree of Life. Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Arid Lands (ACSAD). Damascus, 390pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9707-8_4
- Khalaf, M, Z., Kadhum, M. J., Tareq, A. M., Almbhel, A., & Khalaf, H. S. (2020). Effect of pollinator cultivars on some date palm yield characteristics. Plant Archives, 20, 1169-1178. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340582857_EFFECT_OF_POLLINATOR_CULTIVARS_ON_SOME_DATE_PALM_YIELD_CHARACTERISTICS
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- Marshall, K. (2004). Therapeutic applications of whey protein. Alternative Medicine Review, Journal of Clinical Therapeutic, 9, 136-156. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15253675/
- Miroslav, C., & Morse, D. (1998). Mechanism of the long – term effects of electromagnetic radiation on solutions and suspended collides. Langmuir, 14, 783-787. https://doi.org/10.1021/la970979a
- Munir, M., Alhajhoj, M. R., Sallam, A. A. M., Ghazzawy, H. S., & Al-Bahigan, A. M. (2020). Effects of indigenous and foreign pollinizers on the yield and fruit characteristics of date palm cultivar. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 51, 356-365. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v51i1
- O’kiely, P., & O'Rordan, E. T. (1998). Quantitative and Qualitative effect of VI-AQUA activated water on the germination and growth of Lolium perenne. Z. P. M. (Europe) Ltd., Innovation center, National Technology Park, Limerick, 21pp. https://www.coursehero.com/file/43393006/VI-AQUA-VITALIZED-WATERpdf/
- Rambabu, K|., Bharath, G., Hai, A., Banat, F., Hasan, S. W., Taher, H., & Zaid, H. F. M. (2020). Nutritional quality and physico-chemical characteristics of selected date fruit varieties of the United Arab Emirates. Processes Journal, 8, 256. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8030256.
- Regalado, C., Pérez-Pérez, C., Lara-Cortés, E., & García-Almendarez, B. (2006). Whey protein based edible food packaging films and Coatings. 237-261. In Guevara-González, R. G., & Torres-Pacheco, I. (Eds.). Advances in Agriculture and Food Biotechnology. 347pp. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Whey-protein-based-edible-food-packaging-films-and-Regalado-P%C3%A9rez-P%C3%A9rez/e767afdcbe659e951f42b28c52f34092c527f477
- Saruwatari, M. (1980). Magnetic Seed Treating Device. US. Patent, No. 4188751. 121pp. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/5e/74/aa/3ce611410c0c19/US4188751.pdf
- Walzem, R. L., Dillard, C. J., & German, J. B. (2002). Whey components. Millennia of evolution create functionalities for mammalian nutrition: What we know and what we may be overlooking. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 42, 353-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690290825574
- Wang, X., Zhou, Y., Wang, L., Feng, X., Yang, K., Ma, J., Zhenshun Li, Z., Lan Wang, L., & Sun, W. (2020). Gel properties of myofibrillar proteins heated at different heating rates under a low-frequency magnetic field. Food Chemistry, 321, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126728
- Young, I. C., & S. Lee, S. (2005). Reduction in the surface tension of water due to physical water treatment for fouling control in heat exchanged. International communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 321, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2004.03.019
References
Al-Fayadh, H. M. S. (2009). The use of whey and natural foodstuffs in the water-ice-like industry. M. Sc. Thesis, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul. 79pp.
Allen F, E., Luck, P. J., & Davis, J. P. (2006). Factors determining the physical properties of protein foams, Food Hydrocolloids, 20, 284-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2005.03.014
Al-Bakir, A., & Whitaker, J. R. (1978). Purification and characterization of invertase from dates (Phoenix dactylifera L., var. Zahdi). Journal Food Biochemistry, 2, 133-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.1978.tb00609.x
Ali, H. I., Alhilphy, A. R. S., & Aldarwish, A. K. (2015). The effect of magnetic field treatment on the characteristics and yield of Iraqi local white cheese. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 8, 63-69. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-08926369
Barefoot, R. R., & Reich, C. S. (2002). The calcium factor: The scientific secret of health and youth. South eastern. PA: Triad Marketing; 5th edition, 218pp. https://www.amazon.com/Calcium-Factor-Scientific-Secret-Health/dp/0963370324
Barreveld, W. H. (1993). Date palm products. FAO Agricultural services Bulletin, No. 101, 231pp http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0681e/t0681e00.htm
Bashir, S Z. (2003). Your guide to the SPSS statistical program. The Arab Institute for Statistical Training and Research, 246 pp.
Christian, G. D. (1980). Analytical Chemistry .3rd edition John Wiley and Sons. New York, University of Washington, 186pp.
Colic, M., Chien, A., & D. Morse, D. (1998). Synergistic application of chemical and electromagnetic water treatment in corrosion and scale prevention. Croatica Chemica Acta, 71, 905-916. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/SYNERGISTIC-APPLICATION-OF-CHEMICAL-AND-WATER-AND-%C4%8Coli%C4%87-Chien/df88a874b3df857691a481e86912a4c05ef2e75e
Davis, A. R. (1977). Apparatus and Method for Exposing Seeds to a Magnetic Field. US. Patent, No. 4020590. 175pp. https:// patents.google.com/ patent/us4020590A/en
Dinali, L. A. F., Oliveira,, H. L., Teixeira, L. S., Silva, A. T. M., AD'Oliveira, K., Cuin, A., & Borges, K. B. (2020). Efficient development of a magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer for selective determination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in milk. Microchemical Journal, 154, 104648 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.104648
Devilbiss, E. D., Holsinger, V. H., Posati, L. P., & Pallansch, M. J. (1974). Properties of whey protein concentrate foams, Journal. Food Technology, 28, 40-48. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201303132543
Estiken, A., & Turan, M. (2004). Alternating magnetic field effects on yield and plant nutrient elements composition of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa CJ Camarosa). Agriculture Scandinavica section B- Soil and Plant Science, 54, 135-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710310019748
Hilal, M. H., & Hilal, M. M. (2004). Application of magnetic technology in desert agriculture. I. seed germination and seedling emergence of some crops in a saline calcareous soil. Egypt Journal Soil Science, 40, 413-422. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=EG2003000368
Howrtiz, W. (1975). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington, D. C., 1049pp. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600650148
Ibrahim, A. O. (2008). Date Palm Tree of Life. Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Arid Lands (ACSAD). Damascus, 390pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9707-8_4
Khalaf, M, Z., Kadhum, M. J., Tareq, A. M., Almbhel, A., & Khalaf, H. S. (2020). Effect of pollinator cultivars on some date palm yield characteristics. Plant Archives, 20, 1169-1178. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340582857_EFFECT_OF_POLLINATOR_CULTIVARS_ON_SOME_DATE_PALM_YIELD_CHARACTERISTICS
Khattab, M., El-torky, M. G., Mostafa, M. M., & Doaa Reda, M. S. (2000). Pretreatment of gladiolus cormels to produce commercial yield: 2-Effect of re-planting the produced corms on the vegetative growth; flowering and corms production. Alexandria Journal Agriculture, Research, 45, 201-219. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20013058816
Marshall, K. (2004). Therapeutic applications of whey protein. Alternative Medicine Review, Journal of Clinical Therapeutic, 9, 136-156. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15253675/
Miroslav, C., & Morse, D. (1998). Mechanism of the long – term effects of electromagnetic radiation on solutions and suspended collides. Langmuir, 14, 783-787. https://doi.org/10.1021/la970979a
Munir, M., Alhajhoj, M. R., Sallam, A. A. M., Ghazzawy, H. S., & Al-Bahigan, A. M. (2020). Effects of indigenous and foreign pollinizers on the yield and fruit characteristics of date palm cultivar. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 51, 356-365. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v51i1
O’kiely, P., & O'Rordan, E. T. (1998). Quantitative and Qualitative effect of VI-AQUA activated water on the germination and growth of Lolium perenne. Z. P. M. (Europe) Ltd., Innovation center, National Technology Park, Limerick, 21pp. https://www.coursehero.com/file/43393006/VI-AQUA-VITALIZED-WATERpdf/
Rambabu, K|., Bharath, G., Hai, A., Banat, F., Hasan, S. W., Taher, H., & Zaid, H. F. M. (2020). Nutritional quality and physico-chemical characteristics of selected date fruit varieties of the United Arab Emirates. Processes Journal, 8, 256. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8030256.
Regalado, C., Pérez-Pérez, C., Lara-Cortés, E., & García-Almendarez, B. (2006). Whey protein based edible food packaging films and Coatings. 237-261. In Guevara-González, R. G., & Torres-Pacheco, I. (Eds.). Advances in Agriculture and Food Biotechnology. 347pp. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Whey-protein-based-edible-food-packaging-films-and-Regalado-P%C3%A9rez-P%C3%A9rez/e767afdcbe659e951f42b28c52f34092c527f477
Saruwatari, M. (1980). Magnetic Seed Treating Device. US. Patent, No. 4188751. 121pp. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/5e/74/aa/3ce611410c0c19/US4188751.pdf
Walzem, R. L., Dillard, C. J., & German, J. B. (2002). Whey components. Millennia of evolution create functionalities for mammalian nutrition: What we know and what we may be overlooking. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 42, 353-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690290825574
Wang, X., Zhou, Y., Wang, L., Feng, X., Yang, K., Ma, J., Zhenshun Li, Z., Lan Wang, L., & Sun, W. (2020). Gel properties of myofibrillar proteins heated at different heating rates under a low-frequency magnetic field. Food Chemistry, 321, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126728
Young, I. C., & S. Lee, S. (2005). Reduction in the surface tension of water due to physical water treatment for fouling control in heat exchanged. International communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 321, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2004.03.019