Main Article Content
Abstract
A laboratory experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of Thepax and Endo Vit. C as feed additives in the formulated diet on the growth performance of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. The feed (30.11% crude protein) manufactured in the laboratory using raw local materials diet. Young grass carp (Average weight 3.36± 0.95 g) obtained from Aquaculture Unit ponds in Al-Hartha Station for Agricultural Researches, North Basrah. The fish were stocked in nine glass aquarium, three replicates for each treatment, of dimensions 60×40×30 cm provided with pumping aeration. The experimental diets included a control T1 (0% additives), T2 (1g Thepax/kg diet) and T3 (1g Endo Vit. C /kg diet) were used in feeding trail of current experiment. The experiment lasted for 57 days (from 29 Nov. to 24 Jan.) and fishes were fed six days a week using 5% of fish weight as feeding ratio. Results of current study reveals that grass carp fed on formulated feed supplemented with Endo vit. C having high growth performance (WG, DGR, RGR and SGR). The lowest Feed conversion ratio (2.511) was recorded in T3 this value was statistically significant (P≤0.05) with T2 while the highest value (2.767) was observed on the control. Protein efficiency ratio, feed intake and gross conversion efficiency were also recorded high values in T3, but control displayed superior values compared with Thepax treatment, which showed higher value of Relative feed intake compared to other two treatments.
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References
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References
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Abdullah, J. N., Taher, M. M., & Al-Dubakel, A. Y. (2020). Feeding preferences of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) for three aquatic plants. Journal of Kerbala for Agricultural Sciences, 7(3), 23-34. https://journals.uokerbala.edu.iq/index.php/Agriculture/article/view/800
Adel, M., Lazado, C. C., Safari, R., Yeganeh, S., & Zorriehzahra, M. J. (2016). Aqualas, a yeast-based in-feed probiotic, modulates intestinal microbiota, immunity and growth of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture Research, 48(4), 1815-1826. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13019
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Al-Dubakel, A. Y., Al-Hamadany, Q. H., & Mohamed, A. A. (2015). Effect of local probiotic (Iraqi probiotic) on the growth of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. youngs. Journal of Basrah Researches (Sciences), 41(B.3), 57-69.
Al-Dubakel, A. Y., Jabir, A. A., & Al-Hamadany, Q. H. (2011). Growth performance and implication of a thermal-unit growth coefficient of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix larvae reared in recirculation system. Journal of King Abdulaziz University, Marine Science, 22(2), 33-43. https://doi.org/10.4197/Mar.22-2.3
Al-Dubakel, A. Y., Taher, M. M., & Abdullah, J. N. (2020). Partial replacement of fish meal with Azolla filiculoides meal in the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella feed. Biological and Applied Environmental Research, 4(2), 167-176.
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Al-Jubouri, B. S., & Saleh, K. I. (2017). Effect of using bacterial-enzyme mixture, bread yeast and Thepax on production performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) cultured in floating cages. Journal of University of Babylon, 25(4), 1406-1414. (In Arabic).
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Bhilave, M. P., Nadaf, S. B., & Bhosale, S. V. (2010). Gross conversion efficiency (GCE) of Labeo rohita fed on formulated feed. The Bioscan, 5(3), 483-485.
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Boostani, A., Mahmoodian, F. H. R., Ashayerizadeh, A., & Aminafshar, M. (2013). Growth performance, carcass yield and intestinal microflora populations of broilers fed diets containing thepax and yogurt. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 15(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-635X2013000100001
Ching, B, Shit F. Chew, S.F., & Ip, Y. K. (2015). Ascorbate synthesis in fishes: A Review. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 67(2), 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.1360
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Encarnação, P. (2016). Functional feed additives in aquaculture feeds. pp. 217-237. In Nates, S. F., (Ed.). Aquafeed formulation. Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 279pp. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800873-7.00005-1
Bajagai, Y. S., Klieve, A. V., Dart, P. J., & Bryden, W. L. (2016). Probiotics in animal nutrition: Production, impact and regulation. paper 179. FAO Animal Production and Health, Rome, 89pp.
FAO. (2020). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation. Rome, 206pp. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9229en
FAO/WHO (2002). Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization, London, Ontario, 11pp.
Fazli, Z., Azari-takami, G., & Fazli, S. (2008). Effects of yeast probiotic (Thepax) enrichment on biochemical parameters of A. urmiana Nauplii. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 11(4), 643-647. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2008.643.647
Gan, L., Liu, Y. J., Tian, L. X., Yang, H. J., Yue, Y. R., Chen, Y. J., Liang, J. J., & Liang, G. Y. (2012). Effect of dietary protein reduction with lysine and methionnine supplementation on growth performance, body composition and total ammonia nitrogen excretion of juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Aquaculture Nutrition, 18(6), 589-598. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2095.2012.00937.X
Harrison, F. E., & May, J. M. (2009). Vitamin C function in the brain: Vital role of the ascorbate transporter SVCT2. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 46, 719-730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.12.018
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Hepher, B., Liao, I. C., Cheng, S. H., & Haseih, C. S. (1983). Food utilization by red tilapia: Effect of diet composition, feeding level and temperature on utilization efficiency for maintenance and growth. Aquaculture, 32(3-4), 255-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(83)90223-5
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Luo, K., Xinxin, L., Liu, W., Wanxiu, R., Yang, W. L., Mingzhu, P., Dong, H., Wenbing, Z., & Kangsen, M. (2021). Ascorbic acid regulates the immunity, anti-oxidation and apoptosis in abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Antioxidants (Basel), 10(9), 1449. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091449
Naggar, G. O., & Lovell, R. T. (1991). L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate has equal antiscorbutic activity as L-ascorbic acid but L-ascorbyl-2-sulfate is inferior to L-ascorbic acid for channel catfish. The Journal of Nutrition, 121(10), 1622-1626. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/121.10.1622
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