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Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Karmat Ali site. To study the effect of the developed moldboard plow to pulverization index of soil. The experiment was designed according to a complete randomized block design using the split-split plot method in a factorial experiment with three factors (two types of moldboards, three additions of finned harrows and three levels of forward speeds). Add-ing fins to the moldboard significantly affected the soil pulverization index, with the finned mold-board (M2) achieving a lower index of 33.95 mm compared to the traditional plow (M1) at 47.84 mm. Needle harrows also influenced soil fragmentation, where double fins harrows (H2) achieved the lowest pulverization index of 23.13 mm, followed by single needle harrows (H1) at 32.59 mm, while no harrows (H0) had the highest index at 66.96 mm. Increased forward speed reduced the pulverization index from 46.49 mm at 1.5 km/h to 36.06 mm at 3.5 km/h. The combination of for-ward speed and needle harrows further impacted soil fragmentation. The lowest pulverization in-dex of 21.8 mm occurred with the finned plow and double fin harrows (M2*H2), while the tradi-tional plow without harrows (M1*H0) showed the highest index at 81.62 mm. The interaction of speed, plow type, and needle harrows (S3*M2*H2) yielded the lowest pulverization index of 18.48 mm, while the highest index, 86.26 mm, was recorded for the combination (S1*M1*H0).
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References
- Aday, S. H. & A. J. Nassir, (2009). Field study of modified chisel plow performance on the specific and equivalent energy. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences., 22 (1): 95 – 108.
- Alwan, A. A. (2019). A field study of soil pulverization energy by using different moldboards types under various operating condition. Basrah Journal of Agri-cultural Sciences, 32: 373-388. https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2019.284
- Black, C.A. (1965). Methods of soil analysis. Part I, American Society of Agronomy. Madison, Wiscon-sin, USA. 1572 p. Boydaş, M. G., & Turgut, N. (2007). Effect of tillage implements and operating speeds on soil physical properties and wheat emer-gence. Turkish journal of agriculture and forest-ry, 31(6), 399-412. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/agriculture/vol31/iss6/6/
- Gilandeh, M. R. A., Shahgholi, G., & Gilandeh, Y. A. (2022). Paraplough and Mouldboard Plow Perfor-mance Evaluation for Seedbed Preparation and Supporting Conservation Tillage. Acta Technologica Agriculturae, 25(3), 105-112. https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0017
- Hamid, A. (2024). Is using combined tillage implements the solution. University of Thi-Qar Journal of agri-cultural research, 13(1), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.54174/utjagr.v13i1.323
- Hillel. D. (1980), Application of soil physics. Academic press New York.
- Javadi, A. & Hajiahamad, A. (2009). Effect of a new Combined implement for reducing secondary tillage operation. International J. of Agric. and Biology. 8(6):724-727. U.S.A
- Kahlon, M.; Lal, R. and Varughese, M. (2013). Twenty-two years of tillage and mulching impacts on soil physical characteristics and carbon sequestration in central Ohio. Soil Tillage. Research., 126: 151-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.08.001
- Li, J., Xie, S., Liu, F., & Zhao, X. (2023). Research on Soil Fragmentation Characteristics Based on Fractal Di-mension and Image Processing. Engenharia Agríco-la, 43(1), e20220097. 10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v43n1e20220097/2023
- Muhsin, S. J. (2017a). Performance study of Moldboard plow with two types of disc harrows and their effect on some soil properties under different operating conditions. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 30(2), 1-15. https://bjas.bajas.edu.iq/index.php/bjas/article/view/19
- Muhsin, S.J. (2017b). Determination of energy require-ments, plowed soil volume rate and soil pulverization ratio of chisel plow under various operating condi-tions. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences., 30(1): 73-84.
- Mwiti, F. M., Gitau, A. N., & Mbuge, D. O. (2023). Ef-fects of soil-tool interaction and mechanical pulveri-zation of arable soils in tillage-a comprehensive re-view. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 25(3). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4891651
- Nassir, A. J., Ramadhan, M. N., Alwan, A. A., & Muhsin, S. J. (2024). Optimisation and Modelling of Soil Pul-verisation Index Using Response Surface Methodol-ogy for Disk Harrow Under Different Operational Conditions. Acta Technologica Agriculturae, 27(2), 76-83 https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2024-0011
- Nassir, A. J., Muhsin, S. J., Mishall, A. A., & Almusawi, F. M. (2023). The impact of the tillage systems on input-output energy, soil pulverization, and grain yield of barley. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 25(4), 68-83.
- Nassir, A. J., S. J. Muhsin, & Ndawi, D.R. (2022). The technical evaluation of three different types of tillage combined machines and compared them with indi-vidual tillage machines. Basrah Journal of Agricul-tural Sciences, 35(2): 341-361. https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.26
- Prem, M., Swarnkar, R., Kantilal, V. D. K., Jeetsinh, P. S. K., & Chitharbhai, K. B. (2016). Combined tillage tools-a review. Current Agriculture Research Jour-nal, 4(2). 179.https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2021194-18387
- Sarkar, P., Upadhyay, G., & Raheman, H. (2021). Active-passive and passive-passive configurations of combined tillage implements for improved tillage and tractive performance: A review. Spanish journal of agricultural research, 19(4), e02R01-e02R01. https://doi.org/10.12944/CARJ.4.2.07
- Zhao, J., Lu, Y., Guo, M., Fu, J., & Wang, Y. (2021). Design and experiment of bionic stubble breaking-deep loosening combined tillage machine. Interna-tional Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engi-neering, 14(4), 123-134. http://www.ijabe.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/6473
References
Aday, S. H. & A. J. Nassir, (2009). Field study of modified chisel plow performance on the specific and equivalent energy. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences., 22 (1): 95 – 108.
Alwan, A. A. (2019). A field study of soil pulverization energy by using different moldboards types under various operating condition. Basrah Journal of Agri-cultural Sciences, 32: 373-388. https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2019.284
Black, C.A. (1965). Methods of soil analysis. Part I, American Society of Agronomy. Madison, Wiscon-sin, USA. 1572 p. Boydaş, M. G., & Turgut, N. (2007). Effect of tillage implements and operating speeds on soil physical properties and wheat emer-gence. Turkish journal of agriculture and forest-ry, 31(6), 399-412. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/agriculture/vol31/iss6/6/
Gilandeh, M. R. A., Shahgholi, G., & Gilandeh, Y. A. (2022). Paraplough and Mouldboard Plow Perfor-mance Evaluation for Seedbed Preparation and Supporting Conservation Tillage. Acta Technologica Agriculturae, 25(3), 105-112. https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0017
Hamid, A. (2024). Is using combined tillage implements the solution. University of Thi-Qar Journal of agri-cultural research, 13(1), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.54174/utjagr.v13i1.323
Hillel. D. (1980), Application of soil physics. Academic press New York.
Javadi, A. & Hajiahamad, A. (2009). Effect of a new Combined implement for reducing secondary tillage operation. International J. of Agric. and Biology. 8(6):724-727. U.S.A
Kahlon, M.; Lal, R. and Varughese, M. (2013). Twenty-two years of tillage and mulching impacts on soil physical characteristics and carbon sequestration in central Ohio. Soil Tillage. Research., 126: 151-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.08.001
Li, J., Xie, S., Liu, F., & Zhao, X. (2023). Research on Soil Fragmentation Characteristics Based on Fractal Di-mension and Image Processing. Engenharia Agríco-la, 43(1), e20220097. 10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v43n1e20220097/2023
Muhsin, S. J. (2017a). Performance study of Moldboard plow with two types of disc harrows and their effect on some soil properties under different operating conditions. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 30(2), 1-15. https://bjas.bajas.edu.iq/index.php/bjas/article/view/19
Muhsin, S.J. (2017b). Determination of energy require-ments, plowed soil volume rate and soil pulverization ratio of chisel plow under various operating condi-tions. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences., 30(1): 73-84.
Mwiti, F. M., Gitau, A. N., & Mbuge, D. O. (2023). Ef-fects of soil-tool interaction and mechanical pulveri-zation of arable soils in tillage-a comprehensive re-view. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 25(3). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4891651
Nassir, A. J., Ramadhan, M. N., Alwan, A. A., & Muhsin, S. J. (2024). Optimisation and Modelling of Soil Pul-verisation Index Using Response Surface Methodol-ogy for Disk Harrow Under Different Operational Conditions. Acta Technologica Agriculturae, 27(2), 76-83 https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2024-0011
Nassir, A. J., Muhsin, S. J., Mishall, A. A., & Almusawi, F. M. (2023). The impact of the tillage systems on input-output energy, soil pulverization, and grain yield of barley. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 25(4), 68-83.
Nassir, A. J., S. J. Muhsin, & Ndawi, D.R. (2022). The technical evaluation of three different types of tillage combined machines and compared them with indi-vidual tillage machines. Basrah Journal of Agricul-tural Sciences, 35(2): 341-361. https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.26
Prem, M., Swarnkar, R., Kantilal, V. D. K., Jeetsinh, P. S. K., & Chitharbhai, K. B. (2016). Combined tillage tools-a review. Current Agriculture Research Jour-nal, 4(2). 179.https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2021194-18387
Sarkar, P., Upadhyay, G., & Raheman, H. (2021). Active-passive and passive-passive configurations of combined tillage implements for improved tillage and tractive performance: A review. Spanish journal of agricultural research, 19(4), e02R01-e02R01. https://doi.org/10.12944/CARJ.4.2.07
Zhao, J., Lu, Y., Guo, M., Fu, J., & Wang, Y. (2021). Design and experiment of bionic stubble breaking-deep loosening combined tillage machine. Interna-tional Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engi-neering, 14(4), 123-134. http://www.ijabe.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/6473